Chapter 1- (Early Civilization) :HISTORY 101 – Flashcards
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How did historian create pictures of the past?
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Documentation
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The first humanlike creatures that existed in Africa
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hominids
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An alternate name hominids are referred to as
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Australopithecines
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Early humanlike creature that is the first to make simple stone tools
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Australopithecines
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"up right" human being
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Homo Erectus
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Which hominid was the first to leave Africa and move to Eurpoe & Asia?
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Homo Erectus
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"wise human being"
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Homo Sapien
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" wise wise human being" appread in Africa 200,000 years ago
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Homo Sapien Sapien
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Found in Neander Valley in Germany [Hominids].
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Neanderthal
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Which hominid was the first to bury their dead?
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Neanderthal
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Greek for "Old Stone" , designates the early period of human history
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Paleolithic
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Moving place to place
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Nomadic
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What were 2 important technological innovations during the Paleolithic Perid?
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1)Fire 2)Making Tools
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Significant change in living patterns that occured in the New Stone Age
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Neolithic Revolution
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Biggest change from hunting animals (food gathering) as well as food production.
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Agricultural Revolution
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Permanent settlements where crops were grown regularly.
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Neolithic Farming Villages
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What was the earliest Neolithic Farming Village?
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Jericho
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Complex culture large where large numbers of human beings share common elements
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Civilization
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Where cities are centers of political and economic development
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Urban Focus
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Gods were crucial to communities success
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Distinct Religous Structure
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New Political / Military
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Organized government bureaucracy arose to meet administration demands
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Social Structure based on economic power
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Hiearchy
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To keep records
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Development of Writing
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To alleviate stress and convey relgious points
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Aristic intellectual Activity
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1)Urban Focus 2)Distinct Religous Structure 3)New Political/ Military 4)Social Structure Based on Economic Power 5)Development of Writing 6)Artistic & Intellectual Activity
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What are the 6 tenets of civilization?
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What are the 4 organized areas of emerging civilization?
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1)Fertile Rivers of Tigris & Euphrates 2)The Nile 3)The Indus (Yellow River) 4)Egypt, India, China
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Valley between the rivers
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Mesopotamia
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creators of mesopotamian civilization who established independent cities
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Sumerians
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Massive stepped tower temple it was the center of the city
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Ziggurat
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Which people inventived mudbrick arches and buildings?
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Sumerians
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Gods ruled cities (Divine Rule)
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Theocratic
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4 major social groups in mesopotamian society?
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Elites, Dependent Commoners, Free Commoners, Slaves
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Belonged to palace officials, used in building projects. Non racial
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Slaves
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90% of the population, they worked as farmers, merchants, fishers, srcribes and craftspeople
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Free Commoners
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Royal and priestly officials and their familes
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Elites
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included the elite's clients who worked on the palace and temple estates
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Dependent Commoners
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An ancient empire in mesopotamia
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Akkadian Empire
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Leader of Akkadians who overan summerian city staes and established dynasty rule
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Sargon
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Sargons succesor and grandson who waged many military campaigns.
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Naram-Sin
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"King of Four corners"
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Naram- Sin
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established a new dynasty that reunifed mesopotamia during the end of the Akkadian Empire
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Ur-Nammu
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Established rule after settling over 200yrs. King Hammurab
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Amorites
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Established new rule and empire over Sumer and Akkad
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King Hammurabi
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King Hammurabi
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"Sun of Babylon"
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Taught an eye for an eye and held public officials responsible for protecting cities; very harsh consequences
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Hammurabi's Code
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Earliest center of Sumerian Religion
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Nippur
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4 Important Deities of Mesopotamia
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Enlil, An, Enki, Ninhursga
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God of wind and 2nd most powerful in the universe in charge of wind and an expression of the legitimate use of force
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Enlil
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God of the Sky and 1st most important in the unvierse
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An
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Began as goddess of soil, mountains and vegatation
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Ninhursaga
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Mother of all children
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Ninhursaga
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Relationships with the gods based on subservience and sacrifice
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Divination
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Largest river in the world that begins in Afrca
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Nile River
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When the Nile river would flood, the silt that would deposit into the earth was black, therefore gaining its name.
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"Black Land"
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The Study of Egyptian history was prived by him who was an egyptian priest and historian who divided Egyptian history into 31 dynasties of kings
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Manetho
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Consisted of numerous populated ares ruled by tribal chieftans
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Old Kingdom
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First Egyptian royal dynasty who united upper/lower Egypt.
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Meres
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Chief spiritual precept that conveyed the idea of truth and Justice.
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Ma'at
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Head of each Nome in Egypt
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Nomarch
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Provinces that were divded in Egypt
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Nome
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the decline in the Old Kingom
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A decline in centralized power and drought
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the period between the old kingdom and middle kingdom that was engendered because of the fall of the old Kingdom
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Intermediate Period
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Most of the middle kingdoms history cented arund the 12th dynasty by him
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Amenehmet I
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Organized along hierachial lines, god and king at the top, members ruled the government and managed their own estates
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Egyptian Society
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What was the word for Religion in Egypt
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There was no word for religion because it was a seperate element of the world they were in
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took many forms and was worshipped both forms
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Sun God
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form of the sun god who was worshipped in its human form
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Atum
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Form of the sun god who was worshipped in a human form with a falcon face
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Re
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River/Land Deity
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Osiris
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Osiris, identifying with Osirus, one could hope to gain a new life
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Symbol of Ressurection
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A great achievement by Egyptians, they were used for the storage of bodies
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Pyramids
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Referring to the deceased physical body and spiritual body. Preservation of the physical body granted a well kept spiritual body
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"2 bodies"
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A 6-7 month process that slows the decaying process of a body by applying natural body salts in bandage type material to preserve the deceased's spiritual and physical body.
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Mummification
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What Caused the Fall of the Middle Kingdom
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Instablitiy and the Incursion into the delta
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defeated the hyskos from Egypt and reunited egypt. Founded the New Kingdom
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Pharoh Ahmose
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New Kingdom
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18th Dynasty
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expanded Egypts border to the south by conquering the African kingdom of Nubia
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Thumosis I
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led 17 military campaigns into Canaan and Phoenicia
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Thutmosis III
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introduced worship of Aten, god of the sun disk
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Amenhotep IV
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god of the sun disk.
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Aten
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"Slave of Aten" , the changed name of Amenhotep to encourage his people to follow the new religious followings. He also closed temples to other gods
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Akhenatun
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Restored the old gods and assumed the role
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Tutankhamun
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Gained control over Canaan
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Ramses
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2 foreign countries lost under Amenhotep IVs rule
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Syria and Canaan
