Chapter 1- A Background for the Profession – Flashcards
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WHO
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The World Health Organization
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health defined by WHO
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-"the state of complete mental, physical and social well being not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. -'positive concept emphasizing social and personal resources, as well as physical capabilities"
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health defined by the Joint Committee
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- is a dynamic state or condition that is multidimensional (physical, emotional, social, intellectual, spiritual, and occupational) a resource for living , and results form a person's interactions with and adaptation to the environment
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health
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-functional state which makes possible the achievement of other goals and activites
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community health
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- health status of a defined group of people and the actions and conditions to promote, protect and preserve their health
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health education
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-any combination of planned learning experiences using evidence based practices and/or sound theories that provide the opportunity to acquire knowledge, attitudes, and skills needed adopt and maintain healthy behaviors
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health promotion
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-any planned combination of educational, political, environmental, regulatory, or organizational mechanisms that support actions and conditions of living conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities
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disease prevention
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-the process of reducing risks and alleviating disease to promote, preserve, and restore health and minimize suffering and distress
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public health
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-the science and art of protecting and improving the health of communities through education, promotion, of healthy lifestyles, and research for disease and injury prevention
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global health
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-health problems, issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries and are beyond the control of individual nations, and are best addressed by cooperative actions and solutions
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population health
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-health status of people who are not organized and have no identity as a group or locality and the actions and conditions to promote, protect, and preserve their health
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coordinated school health
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-organized set of policies, procedures, and activities designed to protect, promote, and improve the health and well-being of pre-K through 12th grade students and staff, thus improving students ability to learn
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examples of coordinated school health
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-comprehensive school health education -school health services -healthy school environment -school counseling -psychological and social services -physical education -school nutrition services -family and community involvement in school health -school-site health promotion for staff
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wellness
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-an approach to health that focuses on balancing the aspects, or dimensions, of a person's life trough increasing the adoption of health enhancing conditions and behaviors rather than attempting to minimize conditions of illness
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4 modifiable health risk behaviors responsible for much of the illness, suffering and early death related to chronic diseases
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-lack of physical activity -poor nutrition -tobacco use -excessive alcohol consumption
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health educator specialist
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-has met a minimum required health education prep qualifications -serves in a variety of settings -able to use appropriate educational strategies and methods to facilitate the development of policies, procedures, interventions, and systems conducive to the health of individuals, groups, and communities
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ill health
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-injury, disease, and death
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epidemiological data
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-info gathered when measuring health -data gathered at local, state, and national levels
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epidemiology
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-study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems
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rate
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-measure of some event, disease, or condition in relation to a unit of population, along with some specification of time -provide an opportunity for comparison of events, diseases, or conditions that occur at different times or places
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death rates
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-number of deaths per 100,000 resident population -sometimes referred to as mortality or fatality rates
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3 forms to express rates
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1. crude 2. adjusted 3. specific
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crude rate
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-rate expressed for a total population
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adjusted rate
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-expressed for a total population but statistically adjusted for a certain characteristic, such as age
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specific rate
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-rate for a particular population subgroup such as for a particular disease or for a particular age of people
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3 epidemiological terms used to describe the magnitude of a rate of some event, disease, or condition in a unit of population
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1.endemic 2.epidemic 3.pandemic
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endemic
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-occurs regularly in a population as a mater of course
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epidemic
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-unexpectedly large number of cases of an illness, specific health-related behavior, or other health-related even in a population
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pandemic
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-an outbreak over a wide geographical area, such as a continent
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life expectancy
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-average number of years of life remaining to a person at a particular age and is based on a given set of age-specific death rates- generally the mortality conditions existing in the period mentioned -may be determined by sex, race, and Hispanic origin, or other characteristics using age-specific death rates for the population with the characteristic
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most frequently used times to state life expectancy are...
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-birth -age 65 -age 75
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Years of potential life lost (YPLL)
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-measure of premature mortality -calculated by subtracting a person's age at death from 75 yrs
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YPLL example
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-person who dies at 30 has a YPLL of 45
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disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
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-one, can be thought of as one lost year of "healthy" life as a result of being in states of poor health of disability
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YLL
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-years of life lost
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YLD
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-years lived with disability
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healthy-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
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-number of years of healthy life expected, on average, in a given population
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health-related quality of life (HRQOL)
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-encompasses those aspects of overall quality of life that can be clearly shown to affect health- either physical or mental -often used by healthcare workers to measure the effects of chronic disease in their patients to better understand how a diseases interferes with a persons daily life
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health disparity
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-the difference in health between populations often caused by two health inequities, lack of access to care and of quality care
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evidence
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-data that can be used to make decisions about planing
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steeps taken to develop a health education/promotion program
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1. Assessing the needs of the priority population 2. Setting goals and objectives 3. Developing an intervention that considers the peculiarities of the setting 4. Implementing the intervention 5. Evaluating the results
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4 elements of the health field concept
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1. human biology 2. environment 3. lifestyle 4. healthcare organization
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lifestyle
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-aggregation of decisions by individuals which affect their health and over which they more or less have control
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5 domains shaping health of population
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1. genetics 2. health behavior 3. social circumstances 4. environmental conditions 5. health services
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5 determinants of health
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1. economic stability 2. education 3. social and community context 4. health and health care 5. neighborhood and build environtment
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social determinants of health
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-conditions in the environments in which people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health
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3 levels of preventions
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1. primary prevention 2. secondary prevention 3. tertiary prevention
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primary prevention
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-comprises those preventative measures that forstall the onset of illness or injury during the pre pathogenesis period (before disease begins)
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examples of primary preventions
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-safety belt -rubber gloves -immunizing -exercising
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secondary prevention
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- preventative measures that lead to an early diagnosis and prompt treatment of a disease or an injury to limit disability and prevent more serious pathogenesis
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example of secondary preventions
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-personal and clinical screenings -exams (blood pressure, cholesterol, hemocult) -screenings -breast and testical self exam
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tertiary preventions
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-level where specialists work to retain, re-educate, and rehabilitate the individual who has already incurred disability, impairment, or dependency
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examples of tertiary preventions
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-educating patient after lung cancer surgery -working with a diabetic to ensure the daily insulin
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risk factors
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-environmental and behavioral influences "which are known to increase the likelihood of physical or mental problems"
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communicable disease
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-diseases for which biological agents or their products are the cause and that are transmissible from one individual to another
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noncommunicable disease
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-illnesses that cannot be transmitted from from an infected person to a susceptible, healthy person
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chain of infection
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-model used to explain the spread of a communicable disease from one host to another
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socioecological approach
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-behavior that has multiple levels of influences -emphasizes the interaction between and the interdependence of factors within and across all levels of health problem
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population-based approach
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-include policy development, empowerment of individuals, and economic support
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empowerment
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-social action process for people to gain mastery over their lives and the lives of their communites
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cultural competence
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-development process defined as a set of values, principles, behaviors, attitudes, and olives that enable health professionals to work effectively across racial, ethnic and linguistically diverse populations
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1. National Health Interview Survey 2. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 3. National Health Care Surveys 4. Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System 5. The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey 6. National College Health Assessment
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6What are 6 health surveys?
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National Health Interview Survey
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-telephone survey that asked about health and health behaviors
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National Health and Nutrition Exam Survey (NHANES)
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-collected data through direct physical examinations, clinical and lab testing
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National Health Care Surveys (NHCS)
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-comprised of six different surveys that are designed to answer key questions about health care providers
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Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)
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-telephone survey of randomly selected adults about risk factors, preventative health practices, access to preventive services and health insurance
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The Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey (YRBSS)
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-monitors six categories of priority health-risk behaviors among youth and young adults
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National College Health Assesment (NCHA)
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-collects health data about college students
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Goal and Purpose of Health Promotion Profession
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-to improve the quality of life
