chapter 1-4 – Flashcards

the shift from hunting of animals and gathering of food to the keeping of animals and the growing of food on a regular basis around (8,000 BC -refer to text)

Earliest civilizations in Mesopotamia (present day Iraq & Syria)

first civilization located between the Tigris & Eurphrates Rivers in present day Iraq; term means “land between the rivers;” Sumerian and Babylonian culture

first civilization 3500-1800 BC, city-states (Ur and Uruk), polytheistic/animistic, ziggurat is temple, cuneiform, Indo-Europeans, linked to water -ships?

He was the leader of the Akkadians (who lived to the north of Sumerian city-states). In 2340 B.C.E. he conquered Mesopotamia until the Akkadian empire fell in 1792 B.C.E. (abandoned by the water by his mother? -consult text)

nephew of Hatshepsut who succeeded her as the next pharoah; he expanded Egypt’s borders through war and conquest until Egypt controlled more territory than it ever had; slavery also became common in Egypt under his rule

600 -c. 530 B.C.E. A Persian ruler who captured Babylon. He was known for his mercy. He was tolerant of other religions and culture, and even incorporated different architectural styles into his buildings.

“priest-carvings” or “sacred writing” a complex system of writing that used in ancient Egypt for business transactions, record keeping, and the general needs of daily life

(1700-1500 BC) Minoans had written symbols that stood for syllables from Crete; disappeared when many people fled to the islands of the Aegean Sea, Anatolia, or Cyprus

A set of syllabic symbols, derived from the writing system of Minoan Crete, used in the Mycenaean palaces of the Late Bronze Age to write an early form of Greek. It was used primarily for palace records, and the surviving Linear B tablets provide substantial information about the economic organization of Mycenaean society and tantalizing clues about political, social, and religious institutions.

The cuneiform script is one of the earliest known forms of written expression. Created by the Sumerians from ca. 3000 BC, cuneiform writing began as a system of pictographs. Over time, the pictorial representations became simplified and more abstract.

Amorite ruler of Babylon (r. 1792-1750 B.C.E.). He conquered many city-states in southern and northern Mesopotamia and is best known for a code of laws, inscribed on a black stone pillar, illustrating the principles to be used in legal cases; punishment must fit crime. King of the four quarters

Scorpion King of Upper Egypt (old kingdom) about 3000 BC. Conquered lower Egypt and set up first government that ruled all Egypt. Built captial at Memphis. First Egyptian dynasty.

group of nomadic people from Asia, used horse-drawn war chariots and conquered and enslaved the Egyptians, Egypt learned a lot and then the Egyptians used that knowledge to drive them out

SHE, encouraged trade, became pharaoh after her young husband, Thutmose II, died: she was often depicted as a man (with a beard), sent an expedition to the Red sea: it came back with gold, apes, and other wild animals, images of the journey were carved in her temple, after her death her nephew who destroyed nearly everything his aunt created, statues, names from monuments any record of her reign

first ciilization to populate greecebronze-age culture of Crete 3000-1100 BC, with palaces at knosses. rich culture with pottery and mosaics, was destroyed by mycenaean greeks 2500-1500 BCE, Minos-King, Crete- (sea power), inventors of first plumbing system, sharp distinctions in wealth, privilege, and status; religion centered on fertility and the goddess

rivals of Minoans, Took over Minoan island of Crete in 1380 BC after Palace of Knossos was destroyed from explosion of volcano; descendants of the Greeks; called selves Hellenes; grew olives; warriors; used Linear B; overtaken by Dorians; warrior-kings

(1851 – 1941): British archeologist who unearthed the remains of the Minoan civilization (Knossos) on the island of Crete., excavated Knossos

British amateur linguist and cryptologer who broke the linear B code – he worked from the idea that the signs stood for whole syllables and that the language might be Greek, not Minoan. Proved that 1) Greek was language of Myceneans 2) Myceneans had adapted the Cretan Linear A script to their own Greek language for the same purpose as the Minoeans had 3) Myceneans were ruling in Crete by the 15th century

(King Hoshea of Israel backed out on paying tribute to this foreign emperor: consult text)

(605-562 B.C) first king of the Chaldeans, rebuilt Babylon and also created one of the 7 ancient wonders of the world, the hanging gardens which was created for his wife who was from a land of mountains and missed them,captured and destroyed Jerusalem and exiled the Israelites to Babylonia

(300s B.C.) – He came to power at a young age due to the fact the current ruler of Macedonia Phillip II was killed. -Good general with helpful strategies -victorious; Aristotle had been his teacher. Alexander wished to avenge his father’s rival, the Persians who were an obstacle, -defeated at Granicus River and freed Ionians, the next time they fought them the Persian ruler Darius was killed and Alexander decided he was now the ruler of Persia. Alexander now wanted to conquer India and when they got there his soldiers decided they wanted to return to Greece. He wanted to go farther but they went to Babylon which he made the capital of his new empire. His intention was to make a huge empire that took up area in Europe and Asia and unite everyone under his rule. He later became sick and died. His empire was split up by three generals, Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Antigonus.

688 B.C. to 627 B.C, An Assyrian king who collected about 20,000 cuniform tablets (library) in Nineveh

an artificial mountain, at the gate of Ishtar, covered with trees and plants, built by Nebuchadnezzar II for his wife. The gardens are one of the Seven Wonders of the World

In antiquity, the land between the eastern shore of the Mediterranean and the Jordan River, occupied by the Israelites from the early second millennium B.C.E. founded by Saul around 1025 BC and destroyed by the Assyrians in 721 BC

The former territory of the Kingdom of Judah after its demise by the Chaldeans (c. 586 BC), being successively a Babylonian, a Persian, a Ptolomeic and a Seleucid province, an independent kingdom under the Hasmoneans regarding itself as successor of the Biblical one, a Roman dependant kingdom and a Roman province.

the period from the fall of Jerusalem (586 B.C.) to the reconstruction in Palestine of a new Jewish state (after 538 B.C.)

Persian land at Marathon and Pheidipedies runs from Athens to Sparta and the Spartans say no, and when he goes back to Athens they have won when he goes to Sparta to tell them he says NIKE and dies.

This was the battle at which the Greek forces lost. They were led by King Leonidas while Xerxes led the Persian forces. The 300 Spartans lost the battle but they fought to the last man. They ultimately lost the battle because a traitor showed them another way through the pass

This battle was won by the Greeks led by Themistocles and the Persian forces were led by Xerxes. Themistocles won this battle by tricking Xerxes into attacking the Salamis strait; there the Greek forces rammed Persian ships and the Greek forces engaged in hand-to-hand combat.

a defeat of the Persian army by the Greeks in 479 BC

a war in which Sparta. Athens and its allies were defeated by the league centered on Sparta 431-404 BC

the capital and largest city of Greece named after Athena (its patron goddess); “in the 5th century BC ancient Athens was the world’s most powerful and civilized city”

an ancient Greek city famous for military prowess, the dominant city of the Peloponnesus prior to the 4th century BC

a presocratic Greek philosopher and astronomer (who predicted an eclipse in 585 BC) who was said by Aristotle to be the founder of physical science, he held that all things originated in water (624-546 BC)

Greek philosopher who developed an atomistic theory of matter (460-370 BC)

a presocratic Greek philosopher who said that fire is the origin of all things and that permanence is an illusion as all things are in perpetual flux (circa 500 BC)

ancient Athenian philosopher, teacher of Plato and Xenophon (470-399 BC), believed that the questions asked will create the truth

ancient Athenian philosopher, pupil of Socrates; teacher of Aristotle (428-347 BC)

a Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics. First argued through empirical investigation that humans are by nature “political animals” who desire justice and fair governance

a Greek historian. Considered the greatest historian of antiquity, he wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War that contains the funeral oration of Pericles. Emphasized the argument that humans, rather than gods, are responsible for their own triumphs and defeats

the ancient Greek known as the father of history. his accounts of the wars between the Greeks and Persians are the first known examples of historical writing (425-485 BC)

an ancient dynasty of Macedonian kings who ruled Egypt from 323 BC to 30 BC noun Ex. founded by Ptolemy I and ended with Cleopatra Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus (2nd century AD) wrote “Algamest” Former Alexandrian general and Hellenistic monarch transformed and revitalized Egypt

Macedonian general who accompanied Alexander the Great into Asia

a general of Alexander the Great and king of Macedonia

Diogenes of Sinope is said to have been a disciple of Antisthenes, who (according to Plato’s Phaedo) was present at the death of Socrates. Diogenes, a beggar who made his home in the streets of Athens, made a virtue of extreme poverty (lived in a box). He taught contempt for human achievements and a return to animalism. His was a relentless campaign to debunk social values and institutions.

the philosophical system of the Stoics following the teachings of the ancient Greek philosopher Zeno — emphasized reason as a means of understanding the natural state of things, or logos, and as a means of freeing oneself from emotional distress

philosophical/scientific doctrine, with heavy basis in Cartesian thought (#18), which questions the reliability of claims by subjecting them to rigorous testing and investigation. In philosophy, it is the idea never to make a truth claim (including the claim that truth is impossible which is itself a truth claim!). Ambrose Bierce and Voltaire (#43) were notable skeptics.

The people who followed this religion proposed that the main goal of humans was to achieve harmony of body and mind. The founder taught that the greatest good and the highest pleasure came from virtuous conduct and the absence of pain. Today, the word __________ means a person devoted to pursuing human pleasures, especially the enjoyment of good food. the rational pursuit of pleasure would help people gain tranquility in their troubled souls.

Were born into wealthy, rich families, for many years only they could hold high positions in the government or army

the farmers, merchants, artisans, and traders who made up the bulk of the population and had little influence.

special magistrate that was established in 367 BC; elected anually; responsible for all governmental activities: ancient rome

in ancient Sparta, this was the term for the slaves that were owned by the state

heavily armed Greek infantrymen who marched and fought in close ranks and phalanxes; most of the recruits were middle-class citizens

between 264 and 146 b.c Rome and Carthage fought three wars. Rome won.

an ancient city state on the north African coast near modern Tunis, founded by Phoenicians; destroyed and rebuilt by Romans; razed by Arabs in 697

Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC, defeated Mark Antony and Cleopatra in 31 BC at Actium (63 BC – AD 14)

Marc Antony, Octavious Caesar, and Lepidus rule the Roman empire, with Marc Antony overseeing Egypt, the middle east and northern Africa. Antony has taken the Egyptian queen as his mistress. But back in Rome, his wife dies, and he reutrns to Rome to buty her. While there, he is forced into a political wedding with Octavius’s sister. When he betrays her to return to Cleopatra, Octavius and the main body of rome follow him. In the end, both Antony and Cleopatra are killed.

the naval battle in which Antony and Cleopatra were defeated by Octavian’s fleet under Agrippa in 31 BC

an urban society differentiated by levels of wealth and occupation.

homo sapiens first appeared on which continent

Which metal changed patterns of trade and behavior in Europe?

Which three kinds of power converged in early civilizations

What development of the Neolithic Age laid the foundation for the next 5,000 years of civilization

greater concern for ordinary people and correct moral conduct

Which group of Battle Axe peoples do archaeologists believe spoke the parent language of most Indo-European languages

Which group gained the most power from the emergence of civilization in Europe between 2600 and 2400 B.C.E.

the different ways that humans collectively adjust to their environment and understand their place in the world.

made tools by cracking rocks and using their sharp edges to cut and chop.

the continuation of the Egyptian culture primarily depended on

a shift to an economy based in long-distance trading networks

embarked on a series of public-works projects for the benefit of their subjects

The New Stone Age saw the emergence of advanced technological developments that are unrivaled in all of human history

The death and resurrection of the Egyptian god Seth symbolizes the natural cycles of regeneration and rebirth

Egypt cultivated a friendly trade relationship with Nubia, exchanging gold for other natural resources

The kings of Ur significantly changed key components of Sumerian society to build a radically new civilization

What religious policy allowed the Hittite Empire to rule over its multi-ethnic and multicultural empire

Between 1600 and 1100 B.C.E., which group of people moved into southern Mesopotamia and developed a highly advanced and culturally rich civilization

The Minoan economy revolved around four major urban administrative centers, called _______

Which social group dominated and controlled Mycenaean civilization

Which civilization developed an alphabet that is the ancestor of all modern Western alphabets?

What language was used for international communication and diplomacy during the New Kingdom

By 1200 B.C.E., which civilization controlled most of the commercial activity across the Aegean Sea and the eastern Mediterranean?

What weakness made the Phoenicians vulnerable to attack from larger empires by the fifth century B.C.E.?

The religious revolution of the 1300s B.C.E. began in Egypt when

a treaty of friendship between the Egyptians and the Hittites. a period in Egyptian history when commerce flourished. the promise of aid and military assistance between Egypt and Anatolia. nearly a century of peace between the Hittites and the Egyptians.

campaigns of war to expand Hittite power into Mesopotamia and Egypt.

The Phoenicians assumed power in the aftermath of the International Bronze Age through

acquired tremendous wealth through various military conquests.

the establishment of an intricate network of political, commercial, and cultural ties between previously unconnected cities.

Rulers during the International Bronze Age engaged in almost constant warfare over access to trade routes.

Egypt played a central role in the economic, diplomatic, and cultural networks that shaped the International Bronze Age.

interconnected road system allowed them to link together and effectively rule their vast multi-ethnic empire with tolerance. Were threatened by the nomadic Scythian raiders from the Central Asian steppes

provincial governors appointed by Darius to collect taxes and gather military recruits.

Which development in mainland Greece led to the Dark Age period?

The “hoplite revolution” led to the rise of political leaders known as ______ .

Which event led to the Persian Wars between Greece and the Persian Empire?

a piece of broken pottery used to identify unpopular Athenian citizens.

Hebrew king moved the capital city to Jerusalem?

Which settlement area provided a foundation for revival of Greek civilization during the Dark Age?

During the Archaic Age, Greek communities began creating a new form of urban community known as a ______, or city-state that was a self-governing community consisting of an urban center with an acropolis.

Which city-state’s coinage dominated Aegean and Mediterranean trade by the fifth century B.C.E.?

Which Athenian nobleman set up the lasting, fundamental structures of Athenian democracy?

Greek victory over the Persians occurred mostly due to

Who wrote On the Nature of Things, one of the pioneering essays of natural science?

The Iliad and the Odyssey were the creation of Homer, a Greek poet who lived around 750 B.C.E.

The most significant feature of the Iron Age was its new use of metal to make tools and weapons.

The chief designer of the Athenian Empire was

limited the authority of the aristocracy and enabled more widespread participation in public life.

the military and distinct social hierarchies.

under him, the Israelite kingdom cultivated diplomatic relationships with other kingdoms and experienced peace and prosperity.

Pompey, Crassus, and Gaius Julius Caesar

The dominant type of relationship within republican Roman society was __________ relations.

What form of daily life served as the focal point of resistance to Hellenistic culture and civilization?

What common thread linked all the kingdoms throughout the Hellenistic world?

How large were armies during the Hellenistic Age?

In 338 B.C.E., Philip crushed allied Greek armies at the Battle of _______.

In order to maintain centralized authority and financial security, they were required to wage constant warfare.

Women enjoyed greater status and freedom, often rising to positions of real power.

Alexandria, the Hellenistic capital of scientific learning, promoted great advancements in the fields of mathematics, astronomy, and ______ .

What attitudes dominated contacts between the Hellenistic Greeks and subject peoples?

Which group, originally from northern and central Europe, migrated into southern Europe and Asia Minor during the Hellenistic period?

Which event, seen as a major plebian victory, led to public codification and display of Roman law in 450 B.C.E.?

What tactic allowed the Romans to subdue and overcome their rivals?

achieved more social and legal freedom.

Euclid was a Hellenistic

flourished in Europe during the Hellenistic Age.

Government in the Roman Republic constituted of an assembly of

exploitation of lands under Roman control.

was responsible for granting land to Pompey’s troops in the Middle East and Asia Minor.

permanently ended the autonomy of the state

Alexander’s defeat in India marked the first time he lost a battle, and contributed to the demise of his empire.

Greek poleis expanded their powers considerably during the Hellenistic Age, and became more independent.

Like the Greeks, Rome excluded defeated peoples from citizenship, leading to tension and rebellion in the provinces.

Marc Antony emerged as victor when the Second Triumvirate split, and became master of the entire Roman world.