Chapter 1, 2, and 3 – Flashcards
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Articulatory Phonetics/Physiological Phonetics
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Study of the Sounds in a language in terms of the articulatory movements required to produce them.
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Historical Phonetics
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Involves the study of sound changes in words.
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Perceptual Phonetics
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Study of a listener's psychoacoustic response to speech in regard to 1. LOUDNESS (psycho=LOUD, acoustic=INTENSITY) 2. PITCH (psycho=PITCH, acoustic=FREQUENCY) 3. PERCEIVED LENGTH (psycho=LENGTH, acoustic=DURATION) 4. Quality
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Clinical Phonetics
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Study of the application of phonetics in clinical situations.. Especially transcription of speech behaviors as they vary from what is target reference. Variations may be erroneous Variations may be dialectal
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Experimental Phonetics
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The labratory study of physiological acoustic, and perceptual phonetics Lab equipment is used.
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Acoustic Phonetics
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Study of speech sounds as they are perceived by the ear, and of the sound waves produced when they are generated. (equipment)
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Phonetics
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The study of the sounds of language in terms of their physical and articulatory characteristics. Science investigating the production and perception of speech sounds.
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Phonology
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The study of speech sounds of a language The study, includes the rules for how those sounds may be combined into meaningful utterances.
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Phonological Awareness of Words
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1. Alliteration 2. Awareness of Syllable 3. Awareness of Phonemes 4. Awareness of Rhyme
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Awareness of Phoneme
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ability to identify phonemes as the unites compromising syllables. ex) FOX= 4 phonemes LAUGH= 3 Phonemes Psychic= 5 Phonemes
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Awareness of Rhyme
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Within syllable, last vowel, consonants that follow vowels ex) lAMP, rAMP
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Awareness of Syllable
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Ability to identify that words can be broken down into syllables, which can be individually articulated. ex) AWARENESS- 3 syllables (3 vowel sounds present) PSYCHIC- 2 syllables (2 vowel sounds)
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Alliteration
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identification of the sharing of a phoneme across 2 or more words. Sound repeats.
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Assonance
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sub category of Alliteration. Vowel repeating. EX) shEEp, blEAt
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Consonance
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ALLITERATION. Consonant repetition EX) Fleet of Foot
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Phonological Awareness
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An individuals awareness to identify The discrete linguistic units within a speech signal Occurs at the sublexical level (Below word meaning) Deep level of awareness - at this level of awareness the phonological structure of words and syllables can be meta-linguistically manipulated.
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International Phonetic Alphabet
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A set of symbols that represents the sounds of all the currently known languages of the world, maintaining a 1:1 ratio where one different symbol is for each sound.
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Phonetic Alphabet
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An alphabet in a language that contains one different symbol for each sound in the language
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Is English a Phonetic Alphabet?
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NO
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Diagraphs
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Pairs of letter sequences that represent one sound. the pairs may be the same (same two letters) or they may be different (two different letters) pAId= different sEEd=same
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Allograph
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differing letter sequences that represent the same phoneme ex) Circus-Seed pAY-wEIGH-grEY
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Grapheme
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The smallest unit of writing or printing that distinguishes one meaning from another.
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Minimal Pair(s)
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two (or more words) differing by a single phoneme EX) PIN-PAIN
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Complementary Distribution
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The organization of allophones such no allophone may appear in a phonetic environment that is "reserved" for another allophone. ex) "Pattern" vs. "stoP"
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Allophone
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A variation production of a phoneme, where the variation does not contrast meaning. Physically, an allophone is also a phone, since it has physical reality. Psychologically an allophone is operationalized as a phoneme.
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Phonemic Transcription
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Use of symbols that represent the broad (psychological) category to which the phone belongs. also called broad transcription.
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Phoneme
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The smallest (linguistic) unit of sound within a language that signals differences in meanings. Have psychological reality, (how we perceive their function within the language) Categorical label for a family of small units Minor variations that are not contrastive in meaning.
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Phone
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A single speech sound that has physical reality (and can be studied)
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Addition
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An extra sound had been added to a production where none should occur
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Distortion
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An allophonic variation of an intended sound that the language will not accept as accurate
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Omission
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An intended segment has been left out of the production
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Substitution
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A whole segment replacement for the targeted phoneme
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Five Way scoring of speech
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Decisions are formulated that the decision is either (1) Correct or not Correct (2) Substitution (3) Omission (4) Distortion (5) Addition
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Two Way Scoring of Speech
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Decision are formulated that the production is either correct of not correct
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Accent
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Phonetic traits of an individual's native language carried over into a second foreign language. Is especially associated with variations in vowel productions, suprasegmentals of duration intensity and prosody
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Dialect
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A variation in speech or language characteristics of geographical area, social "class" or affiliation or ethnic group.
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Morpheme
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smallest unit of language capable of holding meaning
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Onset
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consists of all the consonants that precede a vowel.
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Consonant Cluster
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two or three contiguous consonants in the same syllable
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Larynx
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voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords
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Hyoid Bone
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serves as a base for several muscles concerned with the movements of the tongue and larynx; suspended by stylohoid ligaments; consists of a body, the greater horns and the lesser horns
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Thyroid Cartilage
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structure that protects the larynx (AKA Adam's apple)
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Arytenoid Cartilage
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either of two small cartilages at the back of the larynx to which the vocal folds are attached
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Cricoid Cartilage
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The ring-shaped structure that circles the trachea at the lower edge of the larynx
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Epiglottis
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flap of tissue that covers the trachea during swallowing, preventing food from entering the lungs
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Adduction
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Movement towards the midline
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Abduction
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Movement away from the midline
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Glottis
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opening between the vocal cords in the larynx
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Articulatory System
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system of moveable and immovible articulators brought into contact for the purpose of shaping the sounds of speech
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Labial
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a consonant whose articulation involves movement of the lips
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Bilabial
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a consonant that is articulated using both lips ex: /b/ /p/
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Dentition
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refers to the natural teeth arranged in the upper and lower jaws
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Labiodental
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consonants produced by the upper teeth resting lightly on the lower lip; /f/ and /v/
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Interdental
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sound produced by obstructing air flow with tongue and teeth--th
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Alveolar Ridge
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bony semicircular shelf of the upper jaw (important for sounds like /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/)
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Hard Palate
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The hard front portion of the roof of the mouth and floor of the nasal cavity
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Soft Palate
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a muscular flap that closes off the nasopharynx during swallowing or speaking
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Velar
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produced with the back of the tongue touching or near the soft palate (as 'k' in 'cat' and 'g' in 'gun' and 'ng' in 'sing')
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Sustaining Life and Providing Breath Stream
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Primary function of the lungs?
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Atmosphere Pressure
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Why does movement of air into the lungs and out of the lungs occur?
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Expands, and increases volume of air in the lungs
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What does the thoracic cavity do during inhalation and what also occurs in the process?
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Internal Intercostal Muscles and External Intercostal Muscles
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What are the muscles of the rib cage?
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contract pull down, and causes rib cage to get smaller, causing exhalation, and reduces capacity. They are attached to the ribs closer to the heart.
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What do the internal intercostal muscles do, and where are they attached?
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contract, and lift rib cage. during inhalation(inspiration) , increasing capacity.They are attached to the ribs but closer to outside of thoracic cavity.
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What do the external intercostal muscles do, and where are they attached?
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Cricoid Cartilage
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Shaped like a class ring
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Thyroid Cartilage
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Forms the adams apple
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Artytenoids
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Situated atop the cricoid
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Epiglottis
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Prevents food from entering the larynx
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Fundamental Frequency
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The basic rate of vocal fold vibration is called?
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Mandible
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What is another name for the lower jaw?
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Anterior
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Front
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Inferior
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Below; at a lower level
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Superior
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above another structure
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Posterior
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the back side
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Diaphragm
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What is a major muscle that separates the chest cavity from the abdomen?
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subglottal pressure
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What is the air pressure below the vocal folds?
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Habitual
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Inherent voice pitch is also known as?
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Eustachian Tubes
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What connects both ears with the nasopharynx?
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Apex
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tip of the tongue
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Blade
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What is the portion of the tongue posterior to the tip?
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Front, Back
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The tongue dorsum is composed of what and what?
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Superior
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The pharynx is what to the esophagus?
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anterior
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The lips are what to the teeth?
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posterior
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The dorsum of the tongue is what to the tip?
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Posterior
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The uvula is what to the velum?
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superior
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The nasal cavity is what to the oral cavity?
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inferior
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The tongue is what to the palate?
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superior
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The larynx is what to the trachea?
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Posterior
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The arytenoid cartilages are what to the thyroid cartilage?
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Anterior
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The alveolar ridge is what to the hard palate?
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Inferior
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The laryngopharynx is what to the oropharynx?
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True
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True of False, the phoneme /s/ is an alveolar sound?
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False
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Vibration of the vocal folds is termed articulation. T or F
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False
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The tongue is involved in production of labiodental phonemes? T or F
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True
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The hyoid bone does not attach to any other bone. T or F
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True
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The upper lip is supported by the maxilla. T or F
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False
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When speaking, the period of time devoted to inhalation and exhalation is fairly equal. T or F
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True
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When the vocal folds are together, they are said to be adducted. T or F
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True
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The root of the tongue attaches to the mandible. T or F
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False
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The oral and nasal cavities join at the larynx. T or F
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True
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The diaphragm contracts and lowers during the process of inhalation. T or F
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During inhalation the thoracic cavity must expand in order to make room for the expansion of the lungs. The diaphragm is lowered and contracts. As the diaphram lowers, the rib cage expands, enlarging the thoracic cavity and allowing air to move into the lungs. As the air pressure in the lungs becomes less than the air pressure in the environement, air rushes into the lungs because of negative pressure and it is equalizing. Exhalation the lungs deflate because they are composed of elastic tissure. The diaphragm relaxes and rises to its original position. In effect, the rib cage also becomes smaller.
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Describe the process of inhalation and exhalation. Which anatomical structures are involved in these processes?
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As speed increases, pressure decreases. Negative pressure sucks two VFs together. The Bernoulli Effect provides an explanation of how the vocal folds actually vibrate.
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What is the Bernoulli effect? What is its importance in the production of speech?
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Uvulva
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seals off nasal passages when swallowing
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Pharynx, Oral Cavity, Nasal Cavity, Articulators
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Which structures comprise the vocal tract?
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/b/ is a voiced sound while /p/ is a voiceless sound. Vibration is made in a voice sound.
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What is the difference between a voice and voiceless sound?
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throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx. Nasopharynx, oropharynx, larynopharynx
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What is the pharynx, and what are its three major components?
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voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords. thyroid cartilage arytenoid cartilage epiglottic cartilage cricoid cartilage
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What is the larynx, and what are its major cartilaginous components?
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The vibration of the vocal folds. The glottis nearly closes and air is forced up from the lungs causing the vocal folds to vibrate
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What is phonation? which anatomical structures are involved in phonation?
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involves the joining together of the speech organs for the production of phonemes
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What is articulation?
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The root of the tongue arises from the anterior wall of the pharynx and is attached to the mandible. The tip of the tongue, or the apex. the blade of the tongue which lies immediately posterior to the tip. The body of the tongue, just posterior to the blade. The body is compromised of two portions, which is the front and the back. the entire tongue body is referred to as the dorsum.
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Identify and describe each of the geographical landmarks of the tongue.
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An oral sound is produces with a raised (closed) velum, and the airstream is solely directed into the oral cavity. Whereas, a nasal sound is produced while the mouth is closed and the velum is lowered where breathstream flows into the nasal cavity as well.
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What is the difference between an oral sound and a nasal sound?
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Because of Fundamental Frequency. Male vocal fold tissue has greater mass, causing the vocal folds to vibrate more slowly
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Why does an adult male have a different habitual pitch than an adult female?
