Chap. 21 – Flashcard
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adjuvant
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a substance especially a drug, added to a prescription to assist in the action of the main ingredient.
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adjuvant therapy
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treatment of a disease with a substance, especially a drug, that enhances the main ingredient.
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anaplasia
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a change in the structure and orientation of cell characterized by a loss of specialization and reversion to a more primitive form.
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antimetabolite
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a class of antineoplastic drugs used to treat cancer. these drugs are most effective against rapidly growing tumors.
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antineoplastic
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of or pertaining to a substance, procedure, or measure that prevents the proliferation of malignant cells.
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benign
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noncancerous and therefore not an immediate threat, even though treatment eventually may be required for health or cosmetic reasons; not life threatening.
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cancer
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a neoplasm characterized by the uncontrolled growth of anaplastic cells that tend to invade surrounding tissue and to metastasize to distant body sites.
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carcinogen
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a substance or agent that causes the development or increases the incidence of cancer.
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carcinoma
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a malignant neoplasm
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carcinoma in situ
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a premalignant neoplasm that has not invaded the basement membrane but shoes cytologic characteristics of cancer.
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chemotherapy
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the use of chemical agents to destroy cancer cells on a selective basis.
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cytotoxic
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pertaining to being destructive to cells
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dedifferentiation
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see anaplasia
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encapsulated
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enclosed in fibrous or membranous sheaths.
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fractionation
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in radiology, the division of the total dose of radiation into small doses administered at intervals in an effort to minimize tissue damage.
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hyperplasia
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an increase in the number of cells of a body part ("excessive formation").
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infiltrative
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possessing the ability to invade or penetrate adjacent tissue.
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invasive
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characterized by a tendency to spread, infiltrate, and intrude.
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ionizing radiation
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high-energy X-rays that can kill cells or retard their growth
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linear accelerator
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an apparatus for accelerating charged subatomic particles used in radiotherapy, physics research, and the production of radionuclides
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lumpectomy
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surgical removal of only the tumor and the immediate adjacent breast tissue; a method of treatment for breast cancer when detected in the early stage of the disease.
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malignant
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tending to become worse and cause death.
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metastasis
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the process by which tumor cells spread to distant parts of the body.
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mitosis
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a type of cell division that results in the formation of two genetically identical daughter cells
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mixed-tissue tumor
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a growth of more than one type of neoplastic tissue.
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modality
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a method of application
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morbidity
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an illness or an abnormal condition or quality
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mutation
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a change or transformation in a gene
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neoplasm
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any abnormal growth of new tissue, benign or malignant
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oncogene
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a gene in a virus that can cause a cell to become malignant.
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oncogenesis
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the formation of a tumor
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oncologist
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the physician who specializes in the study and treatment of neoplastic diseases, particularly cancer.
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oncology
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medical specialty concerned with the study of malignancy.
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papillary
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of or pertaining to a papilla(nipplelike projection)
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papilloma
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a benign epithelial neoplasm characterized by a branching or lobular tumor.
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pedunculated
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pertaining to structure with a stalk.
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protocol
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a written plan or description of the steps to be taken in particular situation, such as conducting research.
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radiation
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the emission of energy, rays, or waves
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radiocurable tumor
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pertaining to the susceptibility of tumor cells to destruction by ionizing radiation.
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radioresistant tumor
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a tumor that resists the effects of radiation
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radioresponsive tumor
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a tumor that reacts favorably to radiation.
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radiotherapy
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treatment of disease by using X-rays or gamma rays.
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relapse
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exhibit again the symptoms of a chronic or malignant disease.
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remission
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the partial or complete disappearance of the symptoms of a chronic or malignant disease
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ribonucleic acid (RNA)
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a nucleic acid found in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of cells that transmits genetic instructions from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
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sarcoma
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a malignant neoplasm of the connective and supportive tissues of the body, usually first presenting as a painless swelling.
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scirrhous
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pertaining to a carcinoma with a hard structure
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sessile
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attached by a base rather than by a stalk or a peduncle
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staging
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the determination of distinct phases or periods in the course of a disease
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stem cell
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a formative cell; a cell whose daughter cells may give rise to other cell types
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tumor
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a new growth of tissue characterized by progressive, uncontrolled proliferation (growth) of cells.
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verrucous
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rough, warty
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ana-
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not, without
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-blast
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embryonic stage of development
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carcin/o
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cancer
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chem/o
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pertaining to chemical,drug
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cry/o
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cold
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cyst/o
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bladder, sac, or cyst
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epi-
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upon, over
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fibr/o
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pertaining to fiber
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meta-
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beyond, after
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-oma
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tumor
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onc/o
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swelling, mass, or tumor
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papill/o
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resembling a nipple
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-plasia
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formation or growth
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-plasm
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living substance
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radi/o
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radiation; also refers to radius
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sarc/o
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flesh
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scirrh/o
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hard
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staging
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refers to the extent of disease and relative size of tumor at time of diagnosis
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grading
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measures the extent to which the tumor cells differ from their parent tissue
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lifetime risk
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refers to the probability that an individual, over the course of his or her lifetime, will develop cancer or will die from cancer.
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relative risk
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measures the strength of the relationship between risk factors and particular types of cancer.
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basal cell carcinoma
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a malignant epithelial cell tumor that begins as a slightly elevated nodule with a depression or ulceration in the center that becomes more obvious as the tumor grows.
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breast cancer(carcinoma of the breast)
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a malignant tumor of the breast tissue. the most common type, ductal carcinoma, originates in the mammary ducts.
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lumpectomy
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removal of only the tumor and the immediate adjacent breast tissue.
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bronchogenic carcinoma
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a malignant lung tumor that originates in the bronchi; lung cancer.
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cervical carcinoma
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a malignant tumor of the cervix
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colorectal cancer
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presence of a malignant neoplasm in the large intestine
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endometrial carcinoma
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malignant tumor in the inner lining of the uterus; also known as adenocarcinoma of the uterus.
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lymphoma
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lymphoid tissue neoplasm that is typically malignant, beginning with a painless enlarged lymph node and progressing to anemia, weakness, fever, and weight loss.
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Kaposi's sarcoma
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rare malignant lesion the begin as soft, purple- brown nodules or plaques on the feet and gradually spread throughout the skin
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malignant melanoma
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malignant skin tumor originating from melanocytes in preexisting nevi(moles), freckles, or skin with pigment; darkly pigmented cancerous tumor.
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neuroblastoma
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a highly malignant tumor of the sympathetic nervous system.
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oral leukoplakia
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precancerous lesion occurring anywhere in the mouth
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ovarian carcinoma
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a malignant tumor of the ovaries, most commonly occurring in women in their 50s
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pancreatic cancer
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a life-threatening primary malignant neoplasm typically found in the head of the pancreas.
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prostatic cancer
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malignant growth within the prostate gland, creating pressure on the upper part of the urethra. it is most frequently diagnosed cancer in men
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renal cell carcinoma
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a malignant tumor of the kidney, occurring in adulthood.
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squamous cell carcinoma
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malignant of the squamous cells of epithelial tissue, which is much faster growing cancer than basal cell carcinoma and has greater potential for metastasis if not treated.
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testicular cancer
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malignant tumor of the testicle that appears as a painless lump in the testicle
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thyroid cancer
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malignant tumor of the thyroid gland that leads to dysfunction of the gland and thus inadequate or excessive secretion of the thyroid hormone.
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tumors,intracranial
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occur in any structural region of the brain and may be malignant or benign.
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tumor, metastatic intracranial
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tumors occurring as a result of metastasis from a primary site such as the lung or breast
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tumors, primary intracranial
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tumors that arise from gliomas (malignant glial cells that are a support for nerve tissue) or from the meninges are known as primary intracranial tumors
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glioblastoma multiforme
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approximately 20% of all intracranial tumors. arise in the cerebral hemisphere and are the most rapidly growing of the gliomas.
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astrocytomas
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approximately 10% of all intracranial tumors. invade surrounding structures and over time become anaplastic. highly malignant glioblastoma may develop within the tumor mass.
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ependymomas
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approximately 6% of all intracranial tumors. occurs more commonly in children and adolescents and is usually encapsulated and benign
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oligodendrogliomas
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approximately 5% of all intracranial tumors. usually slow growing. imiate the glioblastomas with rapid growth. occur most often in the frontal lobe
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medulloblastoma
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approximately 4% of all intracranial tumors. most frequently in children between five and nine years of age. affects more boys than girls. arises in the cerebellum growing rapidly
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meningiomas
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approximately 15% of all intracranial tumors. menings, grow slowly, and are largely vascular. largely occur in adults.
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chemotherapy
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use of cryotoxic drugs and chemicals to achieve a cure, decrease tumor sixe, provide relief of pain, or slow metastasis.
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immunotherapy
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agents that are capable of changing the relationship between a tumor and host are known as biologic response modifiers (BRMs).
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Mohs surgery
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advanced treatment procedure for skin cancer. the cancerous tumor is removed in stages.
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radiation therapy
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use of ionizing radiation to interrupt cellular growth.
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linear accelerator
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high-energy X-ray beams are delivered electronic device. are required for the treatment of deep-seated tumors.
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radiation therapy
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delivered by teletherapy (external radiation) or brachytherapy (internal radiation) or by a combination of both
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radiocurable tumors
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very sensitive to radiation and can be totally eradicated by radiation therapy ( Hodgkin's disease and lymphomas).
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radiosensitive tumor
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irradiation is able to cause cell death with-out seriously damaging normal surrounding tissue.
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radioresistant tumor
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requires large doses of radiation to produce death of the tumor cells
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surgery
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more than 90% of all cancers, is used for diagnosing and staging. in more than 60% of all cancers, surgery is the primary treatment.
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excisional biopsies
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used to remove the tumor and a portion of normal tissue, which provide a specimen for examination and diagnosis.
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en bloc
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resection includes the removal of a tumor and a large area of surrounding tissue that contains lymph nodes.
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fulguration
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destruction of tissue with electric sparks
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electrocauterization
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destruction of tissue by burning
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cryosurgery
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often used to treat bladder or brain tumors by freezing the malignant tissue, which results in its destruction.
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exenteration
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wide screen resection that removes the organ of origin and surrounding tissue.
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Bx
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biopsy
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Ca
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cancer
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CEA
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carcinoembryonic antigen
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DES
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diethylsilbestrol
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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mets
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metastasis
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NHL
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non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
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Pap smear
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simple smear method of examining stained exfoliative cells
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PSA
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prostatic-specific antigen
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RNA
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ribonucleic acid
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RTx
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radiation therapy
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TNM
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tumor, nodes, and metastasis ( a system for staging malignant neoplastic disease)
