question

What do Latin nouns have?

answer

#14, p4 Latin nouns have gender, number, case and declension.

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What is the Gender Rule?

answer

#15-18, p4 There are three genders - feminine, masculine, and neuter.In all declensions, a noun naming a female person is feminine, and a noun naming a male person is masculine. All other nouns must be learned from the vocabularies.

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What do we mean by "number" when speaking of Latin nouns?

answer

#19-21, p4 singular - one plural - more than one

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Cases

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#22, p4-5 There are six cases in Latin: Nominative - Subject - the... Genitive - Possessive - of the... Dative - Indirect Object - to/for the... Accusative - Direct Object - the... Ablative - Preposition/special - by/with the... Vocative - the case of the person addressed

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Declension

answer

#23, p5 Declension is when we add the proper ending to a word stem to show the different genders, numbers and cases of nouns.

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Stem

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#24, #27, p5 Drop the ending of the genitive singular to find the stem of a noun. The stem stays the same in spelling throughout the declension and gives the meaning of the word. The endings show what the noun does in the sentence, whether it is a subject, DO, IO, OP.

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Genitive Singular Endings

answer

#25, p6 There are five declensions in Latin. They can be distinguished by the endings of the genitive singular. 1: -ae 2: - ī 3: - is 4: - ūs 5: - eī

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Vocative Nouns

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#28 The vocative of all nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative except in singular nouns in -us of the second declension.

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Neuter noun/adjective rule

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#29, p21 The accusative of neuter nouns and adjectives is always like the nominative in both singular and plural forms.

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Locative Nouns

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#30 Names of towns, and domus (home), and rus (country) have another case called the locative case- expressing place where. In singulars of the 1st and 2nd declensions the locative is like the genitive. In all others it is like the ablative.

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First Declension Endings - Singular

answer

#31, p6 -a, -ae, -ae, -am, ā

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First Declension Endings - Plural

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#31, p6 -ae, ārum, īs, as, īs

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First Declension Noun Gender

answer

#32, 33, p9 All 1st declension nouns are feminine unless they name a male, like "nauta".

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Subject & Verb Agreement

answer

#470-472; p10 The finite verb agrees with its subject in number and person.

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Verb Position

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#460, p14 The verb is usually last in the sentence.

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Adverb Position

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#466, p14 The adverb is usually placed before the word it modifies.

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Second Declension Endings, Masculine/Singular

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#34, p17 -us, ī, ō, um, ō

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Second Declension Endings, Masculine/Plural

answer

#34, p17 ī, ōrum, īs, ōs, īs

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Second Declension Noun Gender

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#35 -us, generally masculine

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Second Declension Endings, Neuter/Singular

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#37, p20 um, ī, ō, um, ō

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Second Declension Endings, Neuter/Plural

answer

#37, p20 a, ōrum, īs, a, īs

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Second Declension Noun Gender-Neuter

answer

#38, p17 -um, neuter

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Neuter nouns: nominative/accusative Rule

answer

#39 The accusative is like the nominative in all neuter nouns and adjectives.

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Cases for Prepositions

answer

p24-25 Ablative and accusative

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Give the case: propter post cum in

answer

propter - accusative #992, p25 post - accusative #979-980, p25 cum - ablative #951-952, p25 in - ablative #961-964, p25

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"Sum" goes where in a sentence?

answer

#461, p28 anywhere!

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Second Declension Exceptions #40-44

answer

#40-43 Vir/virī, ager/agrī, and puer/puerī are declined as other second declension masculine nouns except in their nominative singular form. #44 Deus/Deī may be spelled differently in the plural form: dī (deī or dīī) dēorum (dēum) dīs (deīs or diīs) deōs dīs (deīs or diīs)

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Third Declension Gender Rules #45-51

answer

#45-51, p35 #46-47: Determine if the noun is naming a man or woman. #48: Always apply gender rules 46-47 before 49-51. If not, then look at the ending to determine gender: #49:Masculine endings: -er, -or (ERROR) #50:Feminine endings: -s, -o, -x (SOX) #51:Neuter endings: -l, -a, -n, -c, -e, -t (LANCET)

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Decline 3rd Declension Nouns #53-56

answer

#53-First find gender #54-Add endings of Lex or Pars for non-neuter nouns #55-For neuter nouns add the endings of flumen #56-The vocative is always like the nominative

question

Third Declension Endings: Masculine and Feminine

answer

#57-58, p35 singular: (word), -is, ī, em, e plural: -ēs, um or -ium, ibus, ēs, ibus

question

How to determine which Third Declension words are declined like LEX or PARS.

answer

#59-61, p35 #59-All masculine and feminine nouns of third declension are declined like LEX except the following nouns which have -ium in the genitive plural. #60-Nouns that have the same number of syllables in the genitive singular as in the nominative singular: hostis, hostis (hostium) - enemy #61-Nouns whose stem ends in two consonants, as:gēns, gentis (tribe). The stem is gent-, hence gentium

question

What are some words with -um instead of -ium?

answer

#62, p35 senum, patrum, mēnsum, mātrum, canum, juvenum, frātrum (of old men, fathers, months and mothers, of dogs and youths and brothers)

question

What are some words with -ium stead of -um?

answer

#63, p35 vīrium, lītium, faucium, Penātium, imbrium, nivium, Samnītium, optimātium (of strength and quarrels, of jaws and household gods, of rains and snows, of Samites and aristocrats)

question

Third Declension Neuter Endings

answer

#64, p51 Singular: word, -is, ī, word, -e Plural: -a, -um, ibus, a, ibus

question

Exceptions to the Third Declension Neuter

answer

#64 Those which end their nominative with -e, -al, -ar: Singular: word, -is, -ī, word, -ī Plural: -ia, -ium, -ibus, -ia, -ibus

question

Rule about predicate nouns

answer

# 473, p27 After a linking verb, the predicate noun is put in the same case as the subject - nominative.

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What is an appositive?

answer

(from Memoria Press) A noun or phrase that is "put beside" another noun to rename or explain it and is set off by commas

question

Agreement rule for appositives

answer

#473, p39 An appositive agrees with its noun in number and case.

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Fourth Declension (Masc.) Endings

answer

#65, p56 Singular: us, ūs, uī, um, ū Plural: ūs, uum, ibus, ūs, ibus

question

Gender of Fourth Declension

answer

#66 All 4th Declension nouns are masculine except: manus (f), domus (f), cornū (n), genū (n), and a few others

question

Fourth Declension (Fem.) Ending Differences

answer

#67 Ablative Singular: ō Genitive Plural: ōrum or uum Accusative Plural: ōs or ūs

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Fourth Declension (N) Ending Differences

answer

#68 Nom & Acc Singular: ū Nom & Acc. Plural: ua

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"In" with the accusative

answer

#962-964, p57 Whenever there is movement or motion expressed by "in," the accusative is used. (in, into, against, upon, on)

question

"In" with the ablative

answer

#961, p58 When there is no idea of movement or motion, the ablative is used. (in, on)

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Autem and postpositive

answer

p 59 Autem is postpositive, which means is cannot stand first in a sentence. it must always follow the first word or phrase of its clause.

question

The Fifth Declension Endings

answer

#69, p62 Singular - ēs, eī, eī, em, ē Plural - ēs, ērum, ēbus, ēs, ēbus

question

Gender of Fifth Declension Nouns

answer

#70, p62 All feminine except diēs, which is generally masculine

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Note concerning the Fifth Declension

answer

#71 The genitive and dative singular ending of the fifth declension is ēī instead of eī when the stem ends in a vowel, as diēs, stem di, therefore di-ēī.

question

Agreement of Adjectives & Nouns

answer

p37 Adjectives agree with their nouns in gender, number and case.

question

Position of Adjectives

answer

p74 Adjectives of quantity generally precede their nouns. Adjectives of quality generally follow their nouns.

question

Adjectives in -us of the 1st and 2nd declension

answer

#72 Masculine: us, ī, ō, um, ō/ ī, ōrum, īs, ōs, īs Feminine: a, ae, ae, am, ā/ ae, ārum, īs, ās, īs Neuter: um, ī, ō, um, ō/ ā, ōrum, īs, a, īs

question

How to Decline an Adjective

answer

#73, p72 Learn the nom & gen from the vocabulary. These show what model the adjective follows. Add the ending of the model to the stem.

question

Adjectives in -er of the 1st and 2nd declension

answer

#74-76 There are two other kinds of adjectives in the 1st and 2nd declension: miser (wretched) and integer (fresh). These adjectives have the same endings as magnus except in the nominative singular masculine.

question

Adjectives in -is, -is, -e of the 3rd declension

answer

#77-78 Masculine: is, is, ī, em, ī / ēs, ium, ibus, ēs, ibus Feminine: is, is, ī, em, ī / ēs, ium, ibus, ēs, ibus Neuter: e, is, ī, e, ī / ia, ium, ibus, ia, ibus

question

Classes of Adjectives

answer

p72 Adjectives are grouped into two main classes: those which use the endings of the first and second declensions and those which use the endings of the third declension.

question

Adjectives of the 3rd Declension

answer

p82 All adjectives with -is, -e, in the nominative singular are declined like gravis, e.

question

Decline Jēsūs

answer

p88 Jēsūs, Jēsū, Jēsū, Jēsūm, Jēsū

question

Verbs have...

answer

#142, p99-101 Verbs have voice, mood, tense, number and person

question

Voice of verbs

answer

#143-145, p101 There are two voices: active and passive. Active represents the subject as acting or being. Passive represents the subject acted upon.

question

Mood of Verbs

answer

#146, p101 There are three moods: indicative, subjunctive and imperative

question

Tense of verbs

answer

#147, p102 There are six tenses: present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect

question

Number of verbs

answer

#148, p101 Singular and Plural

question

Person of Verbs

answer

#149, p100 There are three persons: First - the one speaking (I, we) Second - the one spoken to (you) Third - the one spoken of (he, she, it, they)

question

Conjugation

answer

#150, p101 Conjugation consists in adding the proper endings to the proper stem to show the different voices, moods, tenses, numbers and persons.

question

How many conjugations?

answer

#151, p101 There are four conjugations, which can be distinguished by the endings of the present infinitive active.

question

Principal parts

answer

#152, p101 These are four parts of the verb from which all others are formed.

question

How to find the present stem

answer

#153, p102 drop the ending of the present infinitive active

question

How to find the perfect stem

answer

#154, drop the ending of the perfect indicative

question

Finite Verb Agreement

answer

p105 A finite verb agrees with its subject in number and person.

question

Active Indicative Present endings

answer

#162, p102 -ō, ās, at, āmus, ātis, ant

question

Active indicative imperfect endings

answer

#163, p109 -ābam, ābās, ābat, ābāmus, ābātis, ābant

question

Active indicative future endings

answer

#164, p112 -ābo, ābis, ābit, ābimus, ābitis, ābunt

question

Active Indicative Present "Monēo"

answer

#165, p120 moneō, monēs, monet, monēmus, monētis, monent

question

Active Indicative imperfect "Monēo"

answer

#168, p120 monēbam, monēbās, monēbat, monēbāmus, monēbātis, monēbant

question

Active Indicative Future "Monēo"

answer

#171, p120 monēbō, monēbis, monēbit, monēbimus, monēbitis, monēbunt

question

Second Conjugation

answer

p120 All verbs whose present infinitive active ends in -ēre belong to the second conjugation

question

Personal Pronouns of the First Person

answer

#123, p115 ego, meī, mihi, mē, mē nōs, nostrī/nostrum, nōbīs, nōs, nōbīs

question

Personal Pronouns of the Second Person

answer

#124, p128 tū, tuī, tibi, tē, tē vōs, vestrī/vestrum, vōbīs, vōs, vōbīs

question

Non-reflexive Pronouns

answer

#128, p135 M:is, ējus, eī, eum, eō, eī, eōrum, eīs, eōs, eīs F:ea, ējus, eī, eam, eā, eae, eārum, eīs, eās, eīs N:id, ējus, eī, id, eō, ea, eōrum, eīs, ea, eīs

question

Special Note on Personal Pronouns Gender

answer

#129 The meanings given for masculine and feminine of is, ea, id hold only when the pronoun refers to Persons. Otherwise all forms are translated as in the neuter.

question

Pronoun Agreement

answer

#479, p132 A pronoun agrees with the word to which it refers in gender and number; its case depends on its use in its own clause.

question

Active Indicative Present Tense of "Mitto"

answer

#166, p140 mittō, mittis, mittit, mittimus, mittimus, mittunt

question

Active Indicative Imperfect Tense of "Mitto"

answer

#169, p143 mittēbam, mittēbās, mittēbat, mittēbāmus, mittēbātis, mittēbant

question

Active Indicative Future Tense of "Mitto"

answer

#172, p145 mittam, mittēs, mittet, mittēmus, mittētis, mittent

question

Active Indicative Present Tense of "Audīo"

answer

#167, p147 audiō, audīs, audit, audīmus, audītis, audiunt

question

Active Indicative Imperfect Tense of "Audīo"

answer

#170, p147 audiēbam, audiēbās, audiēbat, audiēbāmus, audiēbātis, audiēbant

question

Active Indicative Future Tense of "Audīo"

answer

#173, p147 audiam, audiēs, audiet, audiēmus, audiētis, audient

question

Decline "sum" Indicative present tense

answer

#346, p151 sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt

question

Decline "sum" indicative Imperfect tense

answer

#347, p151 eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant

question

Decline "sum" indicative future tense

answer

#348, p151 erō, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erunt

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