ch7 pysch – Flashcard
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Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates
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D) operant conditioning.
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If a ringing bell causes a dog to salivate because the bell has been regularly associated with food in the mouth, the UR is the
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D) salivation to the food in the mouth.
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In Pavlov's experiments, the taste of food triggered salivation in a dog. The food in the dog's mouth was the
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A)US.
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A dog's salivation at the sight of a food dish is a(n)
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D) conditioned response.
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In Pavlov's experiments on the salivary conditioning of dogs, a CR was
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A) salivation to the sound of a tone.
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If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has previously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n)
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A) conditioned response.
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The initial stage of classical conditioning during which a response to a neutral stimulus is established and gradually strengthened is called
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B) acquisition.
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When a CS is not paired with a US, the subsequent fading of a CR is called
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D) extinction.
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After Pavlov had conditioned a dog to salivate to a tone, he repeatedly sounded the tone without presenting the food. As a result, ________ occurred.
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D) extinction
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The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called
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B) spontaneous recovery.
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Which of the following provides evidence that a CR is not completely eliminated during extinction?
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B) spontaneous recovery
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After repeatedly drinking alcohol spiked with a nauseating drug, people with alcohol dependence may fail to develop an aversion to alcohol because they blame their nausea on the drug. This illustrates the importance of ________ in classical conditioning.
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B) negative reinforcement
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Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats challenged the previously accepted principle that
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B) the US must immediately follow the CS for conditioning to occur.
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Little Albert developed a fear of rats after a white rat was paired with a loud noise. In this case, the loud noise was the
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A) unconditioned stimulus.
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The law of effect refers to the tendency to
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C) repeat behaviors that are rewarded.
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To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as
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D) shaping.
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Teachers who effectively shape their students' study habits are most likely to
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D) reinforce even minor improvements in students' study skills.
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Escape from a punishing event is a ________ reinforcer.
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B) negative
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Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.
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C) negative
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When the Zantays eat dinner, the family dog begs for food. Sometimes, but not often, the children give in to the dog's begging and pass their pet a tasty morsel. You would be most justified in predicting that
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C) the dog is going to be quite persistent in its begging in the future
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Luana edits manuscripts for a publisher and is paid $25 for every three pages she edits. Luana is reinforced on a ________ schedule.
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B) fixed-ratio
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A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
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A) specified time period has elapsed.
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After receiving a couple of traffic tickets for speeding, Masako no longer drives faster than the legal speed limit. This best illustrates the impact of
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D) punishment.
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A child learns to stop fighting with his brother after the fight leads to suspension of the child's TV-viewing privileges. In this case, the suspension of TV-viewing privileges is a
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D) negative punishment.
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Most psychologists think that the use of punishment is
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D) less effective than positive reinforcers in promoting desirable behavior.
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Some psychologists believe that rats develop mental representations of mazes they have explored. These representations are called
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D) cognitive maps.
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Caroline loves to read and enjoys looking up the meanings of words she does not know. In school, her teacher promises a gold star to students each time they learn a new word. The teacher's behavior is most likely to undermine
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B) intrinsic motivation.
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Operant conditioning involves a learned association between
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D) behavior and its consequence.
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When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana, the first monkey learns to imitate that sequence. This best illustrates
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C) observational learning.
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Researchers discovered that the regions of the frontal lobe activated when a monkey moves peanuts to its own mouth are also activated when the monkey simply observes other monkeys move peanuts to their mouths. This discovery pointed to the significance of
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B) mirror neurons.
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. Like European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews from the Nazis, civil rights activists of the 1960s had parents who
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B) modeled a strong moral or humanitarian concern.
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A dramatic increase in children's violent play immediately after they viewed a video of the "Power Rangers" illustrates the role of television as a source of
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D) observational learning.
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Ten-year-old Karen frequently watches violent movies on television. This is most likely to lead her to
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B) experience less distress at the sight of other children fighting on the school playground.
