Flashcards on Ch3 – | StudyHippo.com

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which one of the following best describes the purpose of multicultural education

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it provides equal education opportunities to all students

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Each of the following is a major component or element of culture except

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skin color

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which one of the following provides the best description of curriculum-based measurement

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testing the uses actual instructional material

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tolerance is best described as

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an appreciation and valuing of difference

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academic instruction is one of the two primary purposes of education. The other is

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socialization

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An IFSP refers to an

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individualized family service plan

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each of the following statements about parental adjustment and stress is true except

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the degree of stress is strongly related to the severity of the child's disability.

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components of the family systems theory include each of the following except

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characteristics of the neighborhood

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The degree to which an individual family member is free to act independently of other family member is

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cohesion

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an effective strategy in developing positive relationships with parents is for teachers to

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contact as soon as possible at the beginning of the school year.

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Which one of the following components is part of the most recent American Association of Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) definition of Intellectual dabilities?

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significiate limitations in Intellectual functioning

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Claudia is a third grader with intellectual disabilities. She has thick epicntnal folds in the corner of her eyes, small stature, decreased muscle tone, speckling of the iris of the eye, a small oral cavity, a short broad hands with a single palmar crease. These characterisitcs are typical of

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down syndrome

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the ability to keep information in mind while simultaneously doing another cognitive task is

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working memory

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As a result of the emphasis on inclusion (FAPE in LRE), an increasingly frequent educational placement for students with intellectual disabilities is

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a general education classroom

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Results from the Perry Preschool Project the Chicago Child-Parent Center Program and the Abecedarian Project Program indicate that

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early intervention can reduce the rate of intellectual disabilities

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dyslexia refers to a severe impairment in the ability to

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read

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According to the federal definition, specific learning disability is a disorder that may include such conditions as the following EXCEPT

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emotional disturbance

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Students with learning disabilities have

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a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in language, the ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or calculate math

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which poses the most difficulty for most children with learning disabilities

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reading

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A cognitive teaching method in which the teacher-student relationship is similar to that of an expert and an apprentice and in which the student gradually assumes the role of co-instructor for brief periods is

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reciprocal teaching

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The most significant characteristic of exceptional learners is

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abilities

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At present about how many students in the US have received special education

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over 6 million

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Leslie is enrolled in a general education classroom, but receives instruction with a special education classroom for an hour a day. What type of service does Leslie receive?

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she receive resource room service

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The key to improving special education is

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exceptional instruction

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Schools must provide an individulalized program for each student who is eligible for special education. This means that

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An education plan must be written for each student with a disability

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The legal term about placement of exceptional children in as typical environment as meets their needs is

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least restrictive environment

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Labels may assist people without disabilities in being more tolerant of those with disabilities by

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providing explanations for differences in appearance or behavior

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Bill is a student with low vision. His teacher provides him with a set of large type notes at the beginning of each lecture. This is an example of

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accommodation

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The concept of transition involves more than just employment. It has a broad emphasis to include

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other adult outcomes such as independent living and community asjustment

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A process in which a student's response to scientific research-based intervention is determined is

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response to intervention (RTI)

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The tendency to repeat the same behaviors over and over again is called

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perservation

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The ability to delay a response, to interrupt an ongoing response if it is inappropriate, and/or to protect a response from distracting or competing stimuli is

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behavioral inhibition

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Which of the following statements about Ritalin is true?

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Ritalin is not effective for about 30% of the people who take it.

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Which statement about the brains of people with ADHD is true?

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Some areas of the brain are larger in people with ADHD compared to those without disabilities.

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Each of the following is an intervention recommended by Cruickshank for teaching students with ADHD EXCEPT

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"thinking aloud" modeled by the teacher

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The terminology proposed by the National Health and Special Education Coalition in 1990 was

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emotional or behavioral disorder

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The Federal definition of E/BD has been most widely criticized for its exclusion of children with

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social maladjustment

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Two broad dimensions of behavior disorders are

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externalizing and internalizing

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Schizophrenia is associated with all of the following problems except

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epileptic seizures

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what percentage of the school-aged population exhibits serious and persistent emotional/behavioral problems, according to credible studies in the U.S. and other countries?

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6% to 10%

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In the majority of cases, the cause of E/BD is

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unknown

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A biologically determined behavioral style is a

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temperament

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Despite problems in defining E/BD, most children with severe E/BD are easily recognized because

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their behavior attracts immediate attention

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On standardized achievement tests, most students with E/BD perform

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below grade level

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The most common problem exhibited by children with E/BD are

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conduct disorders

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All credible conceptual models of education have two objectives. They are to

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control misbehavior and teach academic and social skills

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The placement of individuals with E/BD in the general education classroom is secondary to

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the need for appropriate education and safety

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Increasingly, researchers recognize that problem behavior occurs less frequently in the classroom when

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the teacher is offering effective instruction

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Common patterns of behavior that signal problems in preschool are

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frequent conflicts with and aloofness from others

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Tad is a 15-year old youth with a long-standing history of school failure and serious behavioral offenses. He is currently in prison and receives no special educational service. A likely reason why Tad is not receiving services is that

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he is considered "socially maladjusted" and therefore is not eligible for services

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Two broad dimensions of emotional/behavioral disorders are

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externalizing and internalizing

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causes of emotional or behavioral disorders may include

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all of the above

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Two or more disabilities in the same individual is

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comorbidity

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Strategies that work from early intervention through transition balance academic and social skills. These strategies include

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all the above

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Authors of the textbook emphasize the importance of integrated services for students with emotional and behavioral disorder

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special education, family-oriented services, psychotherapy or counseling, vocational training

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someone who exhibits echolalia

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repeats what he or she hears

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executive functions include

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all the above--self-regulation, working memory, ability to plan ahead

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effective educators of students with autism emphasize behavioral psychology in natural settings and in natural interactions

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true

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which of the following is true about autism spectrum disorder

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causes of autism spectrum disorder are neurological , not interpersonal

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children with Asperger Syndrome generally have

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average or above average intelligence, focusing their intellectual pursuits into intense preoccupation in narrow areas

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asperger identified children who had

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average intelligence but channeled their intellectual pursuits into obsessive pre occupational in narrow awareness

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each of the following is true of the APA definition of autism spectrum disorder EXCEPT

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it is divided into the main areas of social communication impairments and repetitive/restricted behaviors

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according to the Center of Disease Control and Prevention, how many people have an autism spectrum disorder

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at least 1 out of 88, and perhaps as many as 1 out of 50

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The best scientific evidence available indicates that the dramatic increase in prevalence statistics for autism is due to each of the following EXCEPT

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widespread use of vaccinations for babies

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cold, unresponsive mothers

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are no longer viewed by scientists as a cause for autism

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which statement about the causes of autism spectrum disorder is true

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Scientists have provided strong evidence that the cause is neurological

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Neurological research that involves the brain and head size of people with autism strongly suggests that for many

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their brains grow suddenly and excessively early inline

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The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that screening of children for autism spectrum can begin by the age of

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9 months

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Neuroimaging research on persons with autism indicates that

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neuronal underconnecitity is evident

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A mixing of sensory or cognitive systems whereby stimulation of one elicits stimulation of the other is

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synaesthesia

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central coherence refers to

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bringing order and meaning to information by perceiving it as a meaningful whole rather than as disparate parts

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functional behavioral assessments is used to reduce or eliminate negative behaviors. The purposes the behaviors serve for a person are

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consequences

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The Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) focuses on

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teaching to more actively initiate requests

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Each of the following is considered to be an essential feature of effective educational programs for preschool children with autism spectrum disorders EXCEPT

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active engagement in intense instructional programming for at least five hours per week

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in many ways, outcomes for persons with more severe autism spectrum disorders are similar to those with

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intellectual disabilities

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Which of the following is NOT an aspect of communication

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communicative fluctuation

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Language disorders

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involve violations of language rules

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Approximately what fraction of children who are identified for special education receives services primarily for speech or language disorders

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1/5

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Which one of the following is the best example of a language variation

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African American English

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Language abilities are basic to

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hearing impairment, intellectual disabilities, traumatic brain injury, autistic spectrum disorder, a learning disability

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Which theoretical perspective on language disorders applies to the following statement: Language disorders are a breakdown in ability to relate effectively to one's environment, and the natural environment can sometimes be arranged to teach and support more effective interaction.

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social interaction

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language disorders are generally classified according to two dimensions

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domain and etiology

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If a child exhibits language delay at 2 years of age

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chances are 50/50 that he or she will continue to have language problems throughout his or her school years

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which one of the following is an articulation disorder

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lisping

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possible causes of voice disorders include all of the following except

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chicken pox

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the most common fluency disorder is

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stuttering

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the primary role of the classroom teacher is to facilitate development of which aspects of language

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social

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dynamic assessment

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involves progress monitoring using a cycle of teaching, followed by testing, and then reteaching

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A strategy to teach functional language skills in the natural environment

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milieu teaching

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which condition reduces the effectiveness of strategy training for adolescents with speech and language disorders

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poor reading skills

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encoding, or sending messages, is referred to as

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expressive language

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decoding, or understanding messages, is referred to as

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receptive language

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Authors of the textbook offer the following suggestion(s) for talking with students

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All the above

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Milieu teaching is

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intervention in contexts in which children use language for typical social interaction

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Select the correct statement

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Phonological disorders are indicative of aphonia

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From the physiological perspective, distinction between "deaf" and "hard of hearing" is based on

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decibel levels detected

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According to the U.S. Department of education, what percentage of students is identified as deaf or hard of hearing

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.10

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The most important organ for hearing is the

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cochlea

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which of the following is assessed in a typical hearing exam

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detection of sounds at different frequency levels

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the most frequent viral cause of deafness in newborns is

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congenital cytomegalovirus

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When performance tests, rather than verbal tests, are used with people who are hearing impaired

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there is no difference in IQ between those who are deaf and those who are hearing

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Among students who are deaf, those who achieve the highest levels of literacy tend to have

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parents who are deaf and use ASL

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Many members of the deaf community believe that inclusive educational practices are

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eroding the culture values of the Deaf culture

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The auditory-verbal approach encourages children with hearing impairment to

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use their residual hearing

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the total communication approach uses

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oral and manual communication

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The rationale behind a bicultural-bilingual approach is

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to provide a foundation in ASL to serve as a basis for learning English

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FM systems are used in conjunction with hearing aids to

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amplify sounds

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Many in the Deaf community believe that residential schools for children who are deaf are necessary to

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perpetuate the deaf culture and use d ASL

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The focus of early intervention for children with hearing impairments is in

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language development

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Students who are deaf who do not go onto postsecondary training may face increased obstacles to employment in the future because

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the manual trades for which they have been traditionally prepared are disappearing

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Many of the problems that people with hearing impairments have in school are due primarily to deficiencies in

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language

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the most important organ for hearing is the

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cochlea

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otitis media is a/an

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middle ear infection

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when performance tests, rather than verbal tests, are used,

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there s no difference in intelligence between those who are deaf and those who are hearing

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the total communication approach utilizes

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oral and manual communication

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Which of the following is a way that Still's cases were similar to today's population of persons with ADHD

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Many had average intelligence

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Which aspect of persons described as "hyperactive and distractible" did Werner and Strauss's research examine

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figure-ground confusion

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According to the Centers of Disease Control and Prevention, what is the estimate for the percentage of school-age children with ADHD

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7% to 9%

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Students with ADHD receive special education services under the Individuals with Disabilities ACT (IDEA) in which category

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other health impaired

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The basal ganglia and cerebellum are responsible for

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coordination and control of motor behavior

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Behavioral inhibition involves

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the ability to interrupt an ongoing response in order to adjust to task demands and the ability to delay a response

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Compared to students with other disabilities, students with ADHD

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are more disliked by their peers

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ADHD has been frequently shown to coexist with each of the following EXCEPT

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intellectual disabilities

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All of the following are suggestions for teaching students with ADHD EXCEPT

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providing a nurturing environment and teaching style that is "child-centered"

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In contingency-based self-management, the "contingency" is usually a type of

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reward

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Psychostimulants

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result in release the neurotransmitters dopamine and norepinephrine, thus enabling the brain's executive functions to operate more normally

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Research on the effects of Ritalin show each of the following EXCEPT

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it should be prescribed at the first sign of a behavior problem

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Momentary time sampling

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involves conducting brief observations and collecting data on a specific set of behaviors at predetermined time intervals

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diagnosis of young children with ADHD is particularly difficult because

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Diagnosis of young children with ADHD is particularly difficult because

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Each of the following conclusions about adults with ADHD have been documented EXCEPT that

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they have fewer marital problems

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Which definition(s) of earning disabilities or learning disorders include(s) mention of neurological factors being a factor or possible factor

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Federal definition, NJCLD definition, APA definition

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What method of identifying students as learning disabled for special education in the public schools is growing in popularity

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response to Intervention

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In a typical school of a thousand students, about how many students with learning disabilities would you expect to find

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50

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Research using neuroimaging suggests that some cases of learning disability are caused by

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structural and functional differences in the brain

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John, Jim, and Ann are fifth grade students with learning disabilities. Which one of the following statements best illustrates the concept of interindividual differences

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John has problems with math, whereas Ann has problems with reading

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When writing creatively, students with learning disabilities tend to

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use less-complex sentence structures that their peers do

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Which of the following is highly associated with reading comprehension

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reading fluency

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What percent of children with learning disabilities do recent estimates indicate also have attention problems

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10% to 25%

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Which one of the following problems best illustrates difficulty in metacognition

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Oscar neglects to slow down when reading a difficult passage

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A method in which assistance is provided to students when they are first learning tasks, then gradually reduced until the students do the tasks independently is

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scaffolded instruction

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Repeated readings is a technique specifically used to improve

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reading fluency

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All of the following are features of Direct Instruction EXCEPT

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Student- centered lessons

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An informal reading inventory is used primarily to

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plan instructional interventions

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Rather than talking about identification of learning disabilities at the preschool level, educators emphasize

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prediction

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In addition to a transition plan, federal law now requires that schools develop a(n)

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summary of performance

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In general, people who are blind

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lean to make better use of acuity in their other senses

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The cause(s) of visual impairments that primarily affect(s) children include(s)

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all the above

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The lower achievement scores of students who are blind or who have low vision are most likely due to

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lack of exposure to braille or low expectations

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When guiding a person who is blind

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let the person take your arm and walk slightly behind you

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The educational placement for students who are blind or with low vision that provides the most integration with children without disabilities

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general education with an itinerant teacher

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Even though he has visual acuity of 20/20, Jeff is considered legally blind. This is possible if he has

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severely restricted vertical and/or horizontal vision

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For educational purposes, individuals are considered "blind" if they

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need to use Braille or aural methods

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The prevalence of school-aged children considered visually impaired by federal government is

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much lower than the percentage of older adults who are visually impaired

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The structure in the eye that refines and changes the focus of the light rays is the

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lens

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Janice is described as being able to detect some objects in the environment when they are fully lit. This is an example of a skill a vision teacher might note when performing a

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functional vision assessment

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The leading cause of visual impairment in children is

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cortical visual impairment

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Most professionals now agree that the intelligence of people with blindness

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can't be compared directly to that of people with sight

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The lower achievement scores of students who are blind or who have low vision is most likely due to

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lack of exposure to Braille or low expectations

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In people with blindness, stereotypic behaviors refer to

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repetitive movements such as body rocking

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Approximately what percentage of school-age children use Braille as a primary reading method?

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12%

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Use of compressed speech enables students with blindness to

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listen to recorded texts at a faster rate

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An advantage of using guide dogs is that

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they can be a safeguard against walking into dangerous situations

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Residential institutions remain a relatively popular means of service delivery because they

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offer a number of specialized services in one place

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Professionals who work in early intervention programs for infants who are blind often recommend that initial efforts focus on

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mobility skills

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Each of the following is an accommodation that can be made on the job for those who are blind or who have low vision EXCEPT

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more time off

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Each of the following statements about the category of students referred to as having severe and multiple disabilities is true EXCEPT

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The majority of them can be helped with non-invasive surgery

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Less than 1% of

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the population are considered to have severe an multiple disabilities

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Each of the following is a feature of definitions of TBI EXCEPT

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injury to the brain can be caused by a genetic condition

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Carl was 3 years old when he acquired TBI. Which of the following was the most likely cause of his brain injury?

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He fell off the counter in his home

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CHARGE syndrome, Usher syndrome, and Down syndrome are

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genetic/chromosomal syndromes known to be associated with deaf-blindness

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A condition in which a child s born with an abnormally shaped pupil and/or abnormalities of the retina or optic nerve nerve is

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coloboma

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An inherited syndrome of deaf-blindness characterized by hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosa is

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usher syndrome

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Most authorities agree that the biggest obstacle faced by persons with deaf-blindness is

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communication

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In addressing the needs of students with deaf-blindness, to principles that practitioners and parents should emphasize are

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direct instruction and structured routines

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Touching the hands or face of a student who is deaf-blind

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is often an effective way to communicate

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An adaptation that may be used by a person who is deaf-blind to communicate with the public is

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assistance cards

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Madeline is 5 years old and has relatively normal cognitive skills. Her mother told her to pick up her stuffed bear and put it away. Madeline threw herself to the ground and began kicking and screaming. Madeline's mom put the bear away herself, telling Madeline,"OK, OK, calm down." Madeline quickly ended her tantrum and returned to playing. Which statement is true?

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The mother's behavior reinforced the tantrum behavior

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Positive behavioral intervention and support involves

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identifying alternative, acceptable ways to communicate through teaching more appropriate behaviors and/or changing the environment to reduce the likelihood of promoting the undesirable behavior.

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Each of the following is considered a criterion essential for early intervention programs in special education EXCEPT

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single-service orientation

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Each of the following is an example of vocational training that would likely occur in elementary school EXCEPT

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volunteering at different jobs in the community

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Brain damage caused by internal compression, stretching, or other shearing motion of neural tissue within the head is a/an

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closed head injury

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select characteristics that are essential features of appropriate education for students with TBI

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all the above

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Most authorities agree that the biggest obstacle faced by persons with deaf-blindness is

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communication

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_____ includes manual or electronic means by which a nonverbal person may express wants and needs, share information, engage in social closeness, or manage social etiquette

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augmentative or alternative communication

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repeated physical self-abuse, such as biting, scratching, poking oneself, and head banging

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self-injurious behavior

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impairments that a child is born with are referred to as

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congenital anomalies

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a condition that becomes more and more severe over time is

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progressive

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neuromotor impairments are caused by injury to

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the brain and spinal cord

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cerebral palsy is

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a nonprogressive disorder

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abrupt, involuntary movements and difficulty in maintaining balance is known as

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choreoathetoid movements

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The intelligence of children with cerebral palsy is

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difficult to assess due to difficulties in perception, movement, or response speed

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All of the following are common causes of seizures EXCEPT

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high blood pressure

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People with spinal bifida

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are at risk for having learning disabilities

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Catheterization is necessary for individuals with

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lack of bladder control

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A lung disease characterized by episodic inflammation or obstruction of the air passages such that the person has difficulty breathing is

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asthma

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For most children with physical disabilities and other health impairments, a common cause of academic difficulties is

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erratic school attendance

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The greatest problem with using technology for people with physical disabilities is

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accurately evaluating them to determine what would be most useful

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which of the following is likely to be the least concern of early intervention for children with disabilities

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improving access to public buildings

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in addition to communication, teachers of preschool children with physical disabilities should concentrate on

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using proper positioning and handling skills

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Supported employment is a situation in which a person with a disability becomes a regular employee, performs a valued function in a regular work setting, and

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receives fair pay

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The primary distinguishing characteristics of children with physical disabilities are

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physical or health problems

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select the accurate response about intellectual functioning of individuals with cerebral palsy

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all the above

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all the following procedures should be done if a student has a seizure in school except

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inserting a object between the child's teeth

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an illness or condition that is ongoing and does not resolve even with medical treatment is

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chronic

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An increasingly common lung disease characterized y episodic inflammation or obstruction of air passages is

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asthma

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Characteristics of giftedness include

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all the above

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The terminology for an individual who has both a disability and a special gift or talent is

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twice exceptional

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Additional experience provided to students without placing them in a higher grade is

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enrichment

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synthetic giftedness

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involves insight, intuition, creativity, or adeptness at coping with novel situations

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Students who are disadvantaged by economic needs, racial discrimination, disabilities, or gender bias are often overlooked in programs for gifted and talented students.

answer

True

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Today, as compared to several years ago, authorities recommend

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developing talents of all students, with less attention to those who might be gifted.

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Definitions of giftedness are shaped to a large extent by

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cultural beliefs

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What services are mandated by federal law for students who are gifted?

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None; services are not required by federal law

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Federal reports and legislation have assumed that the prevalence of giftedness in the school population is about

answer

3% to 5%

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according to research cited in the text, what is the relationship between giftedness and genetics?

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All forms of giftedness are due to a combination of genetic and social factors

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In addition to IQ and achievement tests, what other method is commonly used to identify giftedness?

answer

nominations

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One of the worst misconceptions of the field of gifted education is the idea that

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giftedness and mental illness are linked

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All the following are arguments have been used against special education for children who are gifted except that

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students labeled as gifted develop more emotional problems that do students with similar ability who are not so labeled

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A reason for a low percentage of students identified as gifted from low socioeconomic status and those living in remote geographical areas is

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lack of access to materials

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Research suggests that fair proportionality of ethnic groups identified for gifted education programs could be achieved if all of the following efforts are made except

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use of quota system

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The largest group of neglected students with gifts and/or talents is

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females

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Additional experiences provided to students without placing them in a higher grade are known as

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enrichments

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Gifted and talented students do best when they receive instruction

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that includes continuous assessments

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Preschool children with special gifts and talents need the freedom to

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study with older children in specific areas

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Probably the central issue in the education of adolescent with special gifts and talents is that of

answer

acceleration versus erichment

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