CH. 9 – The Market Revolution – Flashcards
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Describe Lafayette's visit to the US in 1824. Who was discouraged from participating in the celebration & why?
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Lafayette's 13 month tour of 24 US states demonstrated how the US had changed in 40 years; the spread of market relations, westward expansion, and the rise of a vigorous political democracy. This expansion of freedom was enjoyed by all except for slaves. Westward immigration led to the development of cotton plantations, which required slaves, so slaves lost pretty much any right they had due to the need of slaves on plantations
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What two innovations acted as a catalyst for the market revolution?
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Innovations in transportation and communication, such as the steamboat, train, telegraph, and canal
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What improvement most dramatically increased the speed and lowered the cost of commerce during the Market Revolution?
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Steamboat & canal
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What was the significance of Robert Fulton?
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He was a Pennsylvania-born artist & engineer who invented the steamboat, which allowed upstream commerce
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Why was the Erie Canal significant?
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It allowed goods to flow between the Great Lakes & NYC and also attracted many farmers from New England, which led to the development of the cities of Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse.
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What city gained primacy in Northwest trade due to the Erie Canal?
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NYC
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Why are railroads important and what industry was stimulated as a result of the railroads?
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They opened vast areas of the American interior to settlement, while stimulating the mining of coal for fuel and the manufacture of iron for locomotives and rails. The market economy was stimulated
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What was America's first commercial railroad?
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Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
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After the War of 1812, where were most of the states added and what 3 regions made up this area?
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The Northeast; the North, South, and West
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What were some of the characteristics of settlement in the American west?
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1) pioneers travelled in groups, to work together to clear land, build houses and farms, and establish communities 2) southern states were made up of plantations 3) northern towns all had farms, churches and schools 4) squatters existed in all communities
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What were squatters?
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Migrants who set up farms on unoccupied land without a legal title to do so
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What factors made acquisition of Florida from Spain possible?
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1) the rebellion where residents seized Baton Rouge 2) when Georgia & Alabama decided to eliminate refuge for slaves and Indians 3) when Andrew Jackson overtook Alabama and executed two British traders and many Indian chiefs 4) when Spain gave up trying to protect the territory and sold it to the US in the Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819
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The large factory system first shaped which industry?
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Textile (cotton)
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What was Eli Whitney's cotton gin and what problem was solved by his invention?
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The cotton gin was a device consisting of rollers and brushes that separated the seed from the cotton; it allowed the growing and selling of cotton on a large scale
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Give four examples of the significance of the cotton gin.
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1) expanded American slavery 2) cotton plantations spread into the South Carolina upcountry 3) South Carolina opened the slave trade from 1803-1808 4) after Congress prohibited the slave trade in 1808, a massive trade of slaves developed in the US, supplying the labor force for the cotton kingdom
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Give four reasons that westward expansion affected the South.
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1) resulted in the inventions of the railroad, canal, steamboat, turnpike, cotton gin, and telegraph 2) expanded the size of the US 3) population migration allowed the development of new cities and farms 4) revived the idea and revolution of slavery in the US
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Describe four ways the market revolution changed westward farming.
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1) markets in the East developed, not only for produce but also for loans 2) financing from the East allowed western farmers to acquire more land and supplies 3) the steel plow, invented by John Deer, made possible the rapid subduing of western prairies 4) the invention of the reaper, by Cyrus McCormick, increased the amount of wheat that a farmer could harvest
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What city was known as "Porkopolis" and why?
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Cincinnati; because of all its slaughter houses which produced hundreds of thousands of pigs for consumption
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What was the significance of Samuel Slater?
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He was an immigrant from England who established America's first factory in 1790 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island
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How did the market revolution affect the lives of skilled artisans?
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It took away their jobs; they were only needed if a part of a product could not be factory made, but for the most part, products were completely made by factories without human assistance
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What was responsible for the development of the first large-scale American factories that were built in Massachusetts?
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The Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812, and was introduce by the Boston Associates
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What innovation led to building factories in costal communities or large inland cities in the 1840's?
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Steam power
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The "American System of Manufactures" was made possible by what innovation?
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The clock industry and the mass production of interchangeable parts that could be assembled quickly to build finished products, which was perfected by Eli Terry & Eli Whitney
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How did the market revolution change the way Americans conceived time?
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Clocks became part of everyday life; work schedules were divided by time and trains ran on specific time schedules
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What was life like for the Lowell girls?
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It was very restricted and supervised
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What countries were a majority of the 4 million immigrants that entered the US between 1840-1860 from?
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Ireland and Germany
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What was the German Triangle?
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The name given to Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Milwaukee, which contained the majority of German immigrants
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What were four things that Nativists blamed on immigrants?
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1) urban crime 2) political corruption 3) fondness for intoxicating liquor 4) undercutting native-born skilled laborers by working for starvation wages
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What factor led to an increase in the visibility and power of the Catholic Church in the mid-nineteenth century?
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The Irish influx
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Describe four statements concerning corporations in the nineteenth centuries?
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1) corporations enjoy special privileges and powers granted in in a charter from the government, among them that investors and directors are not personally liable for the company's debts 2) corporations were not owned by a family, individual, or limited partnership, but instead could fail without ruining its directors and stockholders 3) corporations were able to raise more capital than the traditional forms of enterprise 4) corporations became central to the new market economy
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What was the Supreme Court's ruling in the Gibbons v Ogden case?
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The Court struck down a monopoly the New York legislature had granted for steamboat navigation
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What was the significance of the 1837 Charles River Case?
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The Court ruled that the Massachusetts legislature did not infringe the charter of an existing company that had constructed the bridge when it empowered a second company to complete the bridge
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How did the local judges protect businessmen during the years of the market revolution?
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Businessmen were held blameless for property damage due to factory construction
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Describe John O'Sullivan's concept of "manifest destiny".
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The idea that the US had a divinely appointed mission to occupy all of North America
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What is transcendentalism?
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That American freedom should not include restraints on self-directed individuals who seek economic advancement and personal development
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What did Ralph Waldo Emerson's definition of freedom entail?
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An open-ended process of self-realization by which individuals could remake themselves
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Describe the concept of individualism in the first half of the nineteenth century.
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That Americans should depend on no one but themselves
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What was Thoreau's take on individualism?
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That individual conscience in matters political, social, and personal, along with finding your own way was important
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Describe at least four elements of the Second Great Awakening.
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1) the celebration of personal self-reliance, self-improvement, and self-determination 2) harsh preaching, such as fire & brimstone style redeveloped 3) Christianity became even more central to American culture 4) preaching rejected the idea that man was sinful and had predestined fate, and instead emphasized free will.
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Which religious denomination enjoyed the largest membership in the 1840's?
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Methodist
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How did John Jacob Aster earn his fortune?
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He shipped furs to China and imported teas and silks, invested into Manhattan real estate, and built the Astor House, which became the nations most popular hotel
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What concepts did the official seals of New Jersey and Arkansas reflect the identification of freedom with?
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New Jersey's paired liberty with Ceres, the goddess of agriculture, and Arkansas paired liberty with the atop an image of a steamboat and two overflowing horns of plenty
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What encouraged Richard Allen to establish the African Methodist Episcopal Church?
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His forced removal from his former church because he prayed by the altar rail, which was reserved only for whites
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Describe the evolution of the Cult of Domesticity.
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Evolved from the idea of republican motherhood
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What is the role of virtue?
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Came to be defined as a personal moral quality associated with women; it meant not only sexual innocence, but also beauty, frailness, and dependence on men
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What was the role of women in antebellum America?
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To take care of the home and children
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What book did Lydia Maria Child write?
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The Frugal Housewife
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At the Shoemaker's Strike in Lynn, women compared their circumstances to that of what?
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Slaves
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How did Noah Webster define freedom?
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A state of exemption from the power or control of another
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Orestes Brownson argued what thesis in his essay, The Laboring Classes?
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That wealth and labor were at war
