ch.8 & ch.9 indian ocean commerce and china – Flashcards
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what lay beyond the emergence of Silk Road commerce, and what kept it going for so many centuries?
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-cultures produces products and goods other cultures desired -unity and coherence -long distance trade was efficient -linked pastoral and agricultural societies because they depended on each other -demand for more goods
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what made silk such a highly desired commodity across Eurasia? **
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-social status -proved wealth -used as currency -associated with growing world religions
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what were the major economic, social, and cultural consequences of Silk Road commerce?
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-new social group=traders -more job opportunities -spread disease, religion, and ideas -new states were formed -state protected trade routes helped them last
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what accounted for the spread of Buddhism along the Silk Roads? **
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silk was associated with buddhism and wealth which promoted the expansion of buddhism. merchants brought buddhism to the lands they traded with because it appealed to all classes. doctrines and artwork were changed to connect with the new followers of buddhism.
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what was the impact of disease along the silk roads?
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BAD: indirectly caused the fall of the Roman Empire=population and army population decline GOOD: increased appeal to religions-christianity & buddhism. tenant farmers/urban workers demanded higher prices and became wealthy. gave the eastern hemisphere immunity
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how did the operation of the Indian Ocean trading network differ from that of the Silk Roads?
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with ships: more cargo, less expensive, trade with more locations, more direct routes, centered in India, more efficient travel times.
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what lay behind the flourishing of Indian Ocean commerce in the postclassical millennuim?
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china re establoshed a unified state that actively encouraged trading. sudden rise of Islam. technological advances=larger ships/magnetic compass. arab communities spread across coastlines.
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what is the relationship between the rise of Srivijaya and the world of Indian Ocean commerce?
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straight of Malacca-controlled but Srivijaya was the fastest way to get to the Indian Ocean and CHINA. Srivijaya taxed boats when they came through the straight=their gain or wealth area had expensive and rare objects-gold and spices major center of Buddhism practice and teaching
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what was the role of Swahili civilization in the world of Indian Ocean commerce?
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middle men of trading between central africa and everywhere else. brought things to africa and brought things out. brought new language. cities were commercial centers rapidly became islamic
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what is Swahili a mix of?
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Bantu and Arabic
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what changes did sub Saharan trade bring to west africa?
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new political structures and ideas. formed city states. taxed trade=greater riches. slavery grew-used each other as slaves. monarchy sprang up. Islam became important. gold and ivory-needed labor-went to slaves.
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in what ways did networks of interaction differ from those in the Eastern Hemisphere?
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agriculture wasnt as big-couldnt diffuse easy or fast or well because of north/south geographics. more luxury trading. geographic obstacles. not as concentrated numbers of people. cultural traditions didnt spread as much.
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two ways in which trade could impact the cultural and biological aspects of civilizations
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shaped society structure-became own social group, established in gentry class and wealthy spread religions
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pastoral people
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shepharding, herders, hunting & gathering.
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where are the pastoral people primarily from
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inner Eurasia
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why was the Black Plague a good thing for some survivors
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farmers and workers demanded for higher prices making them wealthier
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Malay sailors
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Southeast Asian sailors who traveled the Indian Ocean. They had colonized Madagascar, introducing the cultivation of the banana. canoed across thousands of miles of ocean instead of hugging the coast.
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two major processes that changed the landscape of the afro-eurasian world
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economic and political revival of china sudden rise of Islam
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Borobudur
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the largest Buddhist temple in the world, located on Java, built in 800s
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Swahili civilization-government, economy, culture
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politically independent cities non unified became wealthy with trade participated in the larger indian ocean world
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where did the trading in west africa first begin
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sudan
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significance of the camel
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made the long trek across the sahara possible made getting gold easier to trade and receive helped sahara become a major international trade route
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who were the so called blue men
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slaves who arrived in Ireland
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where were most European slaves from during the time before 1440?
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slavic speaking regions
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major easter hemisphere trade routes
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sand roads, silk road, sea road
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eastern hemisphere geography
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east/west made for easy agricultural diffusion rapidly-because of similar environments
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western hemisphere geography
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north/south-different climates, agriculture, and was slowly spread
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significance of American web
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shows there was trading occurring
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items traded between mayans and teotihuacan
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cotton clothing, precious jewels, feathers
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northern nomads were considered to be what to the Han Chinese
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barbarians
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two accomplishments of the Sui dynasty
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-unified china -vast extension of canal system=linking china economically
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accomplishments of tang and song dynasties
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set standards of excellence in art and literature built solid state structure economic revolution internal waterways agricultural acheivements= fast ripening/drought resisting rice
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explain how womens lives changes during tang and song
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because of reviving confucianism males became more dominant and patriarchal women were deemed distractions foot binding=symbol of high status and delicacy
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how did northern nomad sustain their economy
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raising of livestock and horse back riding traded with china-needed grain
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how were the chinese dependent on the northern nomads
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needed their horses which were essential for their military products from the forests-skins furs hides and amber
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tribute system
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set of practices that required non-chinese authorities to acknowledge chinese superiority and their own subordinate place in chinese centered world
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tribute system in practice vs. tribute system in theory
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chinese liked to believe they were superior and in control but in reality some areas did threaten and stand up to them
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cultural exchange between chinese and northern nomads
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some nomads went through process of becoming chinese-language,clothing,marriage,religion pastoral societies didnt adopt chinese ways
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trung sisters
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leaders of one of the frequent peasant rebellions in Vietnam against Chinese rule. remains national symbol of vietnams independence
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bushido
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traditional code of the Japanese samurai which stressed courage and loyalty and self-discipline and simple living, bravery and endurance
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samurai
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a Japanese warrior who was a member of the feudal military aristocracy
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explain how China participated in Eurasian Commerce
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Buddhism influenced new technologies;such as printing/moveable type and paper making. Mass literacy, bureauacracy, scholarship,spread of religion, exchange of information,gunpowder,compass, silk, porcelain,lacquerware
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explain how China benefitted from Eurasian Commerce
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Cultivation and processing of cotton and sugar from India, fast ripening and drought resisting strain of rice+highly productive rice based agriculture from vietnam Spread of *Buddhism*, texts & images persian windmills
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why between 300 and 800 CE did Buddhism became popular
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with the collapse of Han dynasty, people needed something good to believe in-found comfort in monasteries,Nomadic rulers followed Buddha-the foreign barbarian God
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explain how Emperor Wendi expanded Buddhism in China
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Constructed monasteries at the bottom of China's 5 sacred mts. Used Buddhism to justify military campaigns
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major sources of opposition to Buddhism in China
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lack of support because it was foreign jealousy of the wealth
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relationships between korea and china
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buddhism had political independence but participated in chinese tribute system. the trade was private and official educated in confucian schools. the flexibility on women became more strict overall political independence stayed intact large slave population
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relationships between vietnam and china
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confucianism, daoism, buddhism had political independence but participated in chinese tribute system. rich rice growing region-fast ripening/drought resisting confucian based schools women had greater roles chinese clothing/hairstyles were mandatory elite class was deeply committed to chinese culture
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relationships between japan and china
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buddhism, confucianism not centralized or as bureacratic as china tax system chinese buddhism schools
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what made china the richest country in the world
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growing trade with the rest of the world
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silk road characteristics
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linked pastoral and agricultural people provided a certain unity and coherence prospered most when large and powerful states provided security for merchants and travelers spread buddhism and christanity
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sea road characteristics
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less expensive more cargo
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islam
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friendly to commercial life brought together in a single political system an immense range of economics and cultural traditions and provided a vast arena for the energies of muslim traders stimulated widespread conversion
