question

the recognized violation of cultural norms

answer

Deviance

question

the violation of a society's formally enacted criminal law

answer

Crime

question

T/F Norms guide virtually all human activities.

answer

True

question

attempts by society to regulate people's thoughts and behavior

answer

Social Control

question

the organizations-police,courts,and prison officials- that respond to alleged violations of the law.

answer

Criminal justice system

question

Name the three main branches of the criminal justice system:

answer

Law enforcement, Court system, and Correctional system

question

List some acts that you would consider deviant but not criminal:

answer

Tardiness to class, men with long hair, smoking cigarettes in the house, cross-dressing, profanity in my father's house, being of legal drinking age and over indulging.

question

List some deviant acts that are considered criminal:

answer

Larceny-theft, homicide, assault, speeding, drug possession

question

Name some individuals that use informal means of social control in your everyday life (sanctions):

answer

Parents, spouse, family, friends, co-workers, religion

question

Name some individuals that use formal sanctions as a means of social control:

answer

Law enforcement, supervisor, court system, education system, prison, and other authorized agents.

question

Most familiar examples of ___________ are negative instances of rule-breaking.

answer

deviance

question

Especially righteous people also might be called "__________".

answer

deviant

question

"__________" or "_________" are often used to describe deviance from a sociological perspective.

answer

Different, unexpected

question

T/F Criminal deviance spans a wide range of behaviors.

answer

True

question

A formal response by police, courts, and prison officials to alleged violations of the law.

answer

Criminal Justice System

question

T/F Biological factors might have a real but modest effect on whether a person becomes a criminal.

answer

True

question

T/F Personality/psychological explanations of deviance is viewed as unsuccessful "socialization".

answer

True

question

_____________ explanations of deviance focus on individual abnormality.

answer

Psychological/personality

question

T/F Most psychologists think personality is shaped primarily by social experience.

answer

True

question

Name the three social foundations of deviance:

answer

1) Deviance varies according to cultural norms 2) People become deviant as others define them that way. 3) Both norms and the way people define rule breaking involve social power.

question

T/F No thought or action is inherently deviant; it becomes deviant only in relation to particular norms.

answer

True

question

T/F Whether behavior defines us as mentally ill, criminal, or deviant depends on how others perceive, define, and respond to it.

answer

True

question

T/F Norms and how we apply them reflect social inequality.

answer

True

question

The key insight of the ___________ ___________ ___________ is that deviance is a necessary element of social organization.

answer

structural-functional approach

question

_________ ___________ made the statement that there is nothing abnormal about deviance.

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

According to the structural-functional approach, deviance performs four essential functions:

answer

1) Deviance affirms cultural values and norms 2) Responding to deviance clarifies moral boundaries. 3) Responding to deviance brings people together. 4) Deviance encourages social change.

question

T/F Durkheim considered deviance to be a natural and necessary part of all social organization.

answer

True

question

According to this theory, the extent and kind of deviance depend on whether a society provides the means (job/education) to achieve cultural goals (financial success).

answer

Merton's Strain Theory

question

__________ __________ __________ explains how people come to see deviance in everyday situations; definitions of deviance and conformity are surprisingly flexible.

answer

Symbolic-interaction approach

question

the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions.

answer

Labeling theory

question

a powerfully negative label that greatly changes a person's self-concept and social identity.

answer

Stigma

question

public rituals whose purpose is to attach a stigma; a person stands before the community to be labeled in negative rather than positive terms.

answer

Degradation ceremony

question

the transformation of moral and legal deviance into a medical condition. (alcoholism)

answer

Medicalization of deviance

question

_________ ________ _________ links deviance to social inequality; that is, who or what is labeled "deviant" depends on which categories of people hold power in a society.

answer

Social-conflict approach

question

crime committed by people of high social position in the course of their occupations.

answer

White-collar crime

question

the illegal actions of a corporation or people acting on its behalf.

answer

Corporate crime

question

a business of supplying illegal goods or services.

answer

Organized Crime

question

T/F What people consider deviant reflects the relative power and privilege of different categories of people.

answer

True

question

a criminal act against a person or a person's property by an offender motivated by racial or other bias.

answer

Hate crime

question

A ______ ______ may express hostility toward someone based on race, religion, ancestry, sexual orientation, or physical disability.

answer

hate crime

question

______ is the violation of criminal laws enacted by a locality, a state, or the federal government.

answer

Crime

question

All crimes are composed of two distinct elements:

answer

Act, criminal intent

question

There are three categories of criminal offenses:

answer

Crimes against the person, crimes against property, victimless crimes

question

The two major types of serious crime (that make up the FBI "crime index"):

answer

Crimes against the person, crimes against property

question

(violent crimes) crimes that direct violence or the threat of violence against others.

answer

Crimes against the person

question

(property crimes) crimes that involve theft of money or property belonging to others.

answer

Crimes against property

question

violations of the law in which there are no obvious victims.

answer

Victimless crimes

question

Give examples of crimes against the person:

answer

murder, manslaughter, aggravated assault, forcible rape, robbery

question

Give examples of crimes against property:

answer

burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson

question

Give examples of victimless crimes:

answer

illegal drug use, prostitution, gambling

question

The _______ _______ _______ is a society's formal response to crime.

answer

criminal justice system

question

the idea that the criminal justice system should operate under the rule of law; guides the actions of police, court officials, and corrections officers.

answer

Due process

question

a legal negotiation in which a prosecutor reduces a charge in exchange for a defendant's guilty plea.

answer

Plea bargaining

question

_______ ________ is widespread because it spares the system the time and expense of trials.

answer

Plea bargaining

question

T/F Plea bargaining pressures defendants (who are presumed innocent) to plead guilty.

answer

True

question

T/F Plea bargaining may be efficient, but it undercuts both the adversarial process and the rights of defendants.

answer

True

question

Name the four justifications for punishment:

answer

Retribution, Deterrence, Rehabilitation, Societal protection/incapacitation

question

an act of moral vengeance by which society makes the offender suffer as much as the suffering caused by the crime.

answer

Retribution

question

the attempt to discourage criminality through the use of punishment.

answer

Deterrence

question

a program for reforming the offender to prevent later offenses.

answer

Rehabilitation

question

rendering an offender incapable of further offenses temporarily through imprisonment or permanently by execution.

answer

Societal protection/incapacitation

question

___________ is the oldest justification for punishment.

answer

Retribution

question

T/F Societal protection is a rational approach to punishment intended to protect society from crime.

answer

True

question

later offenses by people previously convicted of crimes.

answer

Criminal recidivism

question

correctional programs operating within society at large rather than behind prison walls.

answer

Community-based corrections

question

Three main advantages to community-based corrections:

answer

Reduce costs, reduce overcrowding in prisons, allow for supervision of convicts while eliminating the hardships of prison life and the stigma that accompanies going to jail.

question

T/F In general, the idea of community-based corrections is not so much to punish as to reform.

answer

True

question

Name the three forms of community-based corrections:

answer

Probation, Shock probation, Parole

question

a policy of permitting a convicted offender to remain in the community under conditions imposed by a court.

answer

Probation

question

a policy by which a judge orders a convicted offender to prison for a short time and then suspends the remainder of the sentence in favor of probation.

answer

Shock probation

question

a policy of releasing inmates from prison to serve the remainder of their sentences in the local community under the supervision of a parole officer.

answer

Parole

question

"_____ ______ _______" refers to ways of dealing with offenders without sending them to prison.

answer

Community-based corrections

question

Sutherland's _____ _______ _______ links deviance to how much others encourage or discourage such behavior.

answer

differential association theory

question

Hirschi's ______ _______ states that imagining the possible consequences of deviance often discourages such behavior.

answer

control theory

question

T/F According to the control theory, people who are well integrated into society are less likely to engage in deviant behavior.

answer

True

question

T/F Official statistics show that arrest rates peak in late adolescence and drop steadily with advancing age.

answer

True

question

T/F More whites than African Americans are arrested for street crimes.

answer

True

question

T/F By world standards, the U.S. crime rate is high.

answer

True

question

The _______ maintain public order by enforcing the law.

answer

police

question

T/F Police use personal discretion in deciding whether and how to handle a situation.

answer

True

question

T/F Research suggests that police are more likely to make an arrest if the offense is serious, if bystanders are present, or if the suspect is African American or Latino.

answer

True

question

Community-based corrections include ______ and ______.

answer

probation, parole

question

T/F Courts rely on an adversarial process in which attorneys present their cases in the presence of a judge who monitors legal procedures.

answer

True

question

T/F In practice, U.S. courts resolve most cases through plea bargaining.

answer

True

question

T/F Though plea bargaining is efficient, this method puts less powerful people at a disadvantage.

answer

True

Ch. 7 Deviance – Flashcards

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