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Sensation

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decoding and encoding of stimulus energies by the nervous system

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perception

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the process by which we select, organize, and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called

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top-down processing

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the effects of past experience and current expectations on perception best illustrates the importance of

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psychophysics is best defined as the study of relationship between:

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absolute thresholds and difference thresholds

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the absolute threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation that a person needs to detect a stimulus

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50% of the time

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if an adults develops cataracts, his or her ___________ threshold for light is likely to ___________.

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absolute, increase

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the fact that fear may increase your sensitivity to an almost imperceptible pain stimulus is of most relevance to

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signal detection theory

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a subliminal message is one that is presented

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below the absolute threshold for awareness

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the best strategy for the use of subliminal messages

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a trim female figure is imperceptibly flashed on the TV screen during an ad for a weight-reduction clinic

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some people are better then others at detecting slight variations in the taste of various blend of coffee. this best illustrates the importance

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difference threshold

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Weber's law is relevant to an understanding of:

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difference thresholds

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diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus is known as

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sensory adaptation

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an example of sensory adaptation

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not realizing how cold it it is after you have been outdoors for awhile in the winter

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transduction refers to the process:

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by which stimulus energies are converted into neural messages

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the amplitude of electromagnetic waves determines the _________ of light.

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brightness

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brightness is to intensity as hue is to

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wavelength

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the adjustable opening in the corner of the eye is the

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pupil

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dilation and constriction of the pupil are controlled by the

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iris

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the process by which the lens changes shape so as to focus the image of an object on the retina is called

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accommodation

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the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing the rods and cones, is the

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retina

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as people grow older they are most likely to need glasses because

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the lens loses it's ability to change shape readily

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bipolar cells are located in the

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retina

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ganglion cells converge to form

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the optic nerve

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damage to the fovea would have the greatest effect on

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visual acuity

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which of the following types of cells are located in the brain

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feature detectors

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the ability to simultaneously recognize the color, shape, size, and speed of an oncoming automobile best illustrates

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parallel processing

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the ability to process information automatically and without conscious awareness of doing o is best illustrated by

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serial processing

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dog's limited color vision results from their lack of receptor cells for wavelengths of

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red

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when most people stare at a red s - then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the sq. is

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yellow

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frequency is to pitch as amplitude is to

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hue

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hue is to light as __________ is to sound.

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pitch frequency

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the coiled, fluid-filled tube in which sound waves trigger nerve impulses is called

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cochlea

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the mechanical vibrations triggered by sound waves are transduced into neural impulses by

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hair cells

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the discovery that high-frequency sounds trigger a wave of activity that peaks near the beginning of the basilar membrane, supports the __________ theory

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place

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according to the frequency theory

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the rate at which impulses travel up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of the tone being heard

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small differences in the loudness of a sound received by each ear enable us to identify the ______ of the sound

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location

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one neural pathway detects differences in the loudness of a sound received by each ear while other neural pathways simultaneously detects in the arrival time of a sound to each of our ears. this best illustrates

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parallel processing

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conduction hearing loss is most likely to result from damage to the

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eardrum

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the somatic sensory cortex is activated by _______ stimulation

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tactile

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the gate-control theory attempts to explain how

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the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain

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tasting the difference between an onion and a pear with your eyes closed and nosed plugged

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sensory interaction

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the green-colored ham and eggs had such a strange appearance that they tasted terrible to Sam. an example of

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sensory interaction

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olfactory receptor cells are essentially for our sense of

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smell

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kinesthesis refers to the

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system for sensing the position and movements of muscles, tendons, an joints

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Sandra can close accurately touch her mouth, noes, and chin with her index finger when her eyes are closed. This illustrates the importance of

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kinesthesis

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the ability to to detect whether your body is in a horizontal or vertical position depends mostly on

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the vestibular sense

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damage to the frontal areas of the temporal lobes is most likely to affect our

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sense of smell

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