Ch 5 Exam-Criminal Investigation-Criminal Justice-Ashley Morris, Philadelphia, PA

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A lane search or partitioning the area into lanes
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can be adapted to any number of police personnel?
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What is not a goal of a search during an investigation
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To punish the offender
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Investigators do not need to know _______ in order to conduct an effective search
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identity of the offender
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The 4th amendment to the U.S Constitution forbid what type of searches and seizure?
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Unreasonable
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An officer conducts a search of a motorist for driving infraction
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does Not make a search Legal
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A way to determine if probable cause exist today is which test?
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Totality-of-the-circumstances test
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A judge may issue a search warrant if the following items are being sought by an officer?
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Stolen or embezzled property
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A search conducted with a warrant must be limited to
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only the specific area and items named in the warrant
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Consent to search is valid only if given
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voluntarily
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Terry v. Ohio supported officer's right to
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conduct a pat-down or a frisk if they believe the person might be armed or dangerous
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Every lawful arrest is accompanied by a seach of the arrested person. This is referred to as
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Search incident to arrest
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The Chimel decision established that a search incidental to a lawful arrest must be simultaneously with the arrest. A search incidental to arrest must be confined to
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the area within the suspect's immediate control
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Emergency circumstances (such as fire or officers hearing shots fired or screams) that allow officers to enter a home without a warrant are referred to as
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Exigent circumstances
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The Carroll decision established that with probable cause,
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automobiles may be searched based on their obvious mobility
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Mincey v. Arizona established that
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While officers are on the premises pursuing their legitimate emergency activities, any evidence in plain view may be seized.
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Wyoming v Houghton (1999) held that an officer may search an automobile passenger's belongings simply because the officer suspects the driver has done something wrong. This ruling, which was intended to prevent drivers from claiming that illegal drugs or other contraband belongs to passengers rather than themselves, is referred to as the
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passenger property exception
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The courts have ruled that when police take custody of a vehicle or other property, the police
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may inventory the property
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The most important limitation on searches is that they must be
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narrow in scope
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Which rule said that courts would not accept evidence obtained by unreasonable search and seizure
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exclusionary rule
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In Nix v Williams, the Court said that if illegally obtained evidence (a statement, in this case, which led to a little girl's body) would, in all likelihood, eventually have been discovered legally (for example, by a large search party), it may be used, this is referred to as what esception to the exclusionary rule?
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the inevitable-discovery doctrine
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Hopefully, a well organized, thorough and proper organization of a crime scene search will result in
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a meticulous search with no accidental destruction of evidence.
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In United States v. Leon, the court established that illegally obtained evidence may be admissible if the police were truly not aware they were violating a suspect's 4th amendment rights. In this case, the police were following up on a tip from an unreliable informant, which later invalidated the warrant.This exception is called the
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Good faith doctrine
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Physical evidence is
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anything material and relevant
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In California vs. Greenwood, the Supreme Court ruled that
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Containers left on public property are open to search by police without a warrant
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Ultraviolet lighting is good for finding
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trace evidence such as semen or fibers
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When evidence is collected, an officer should record in his or her notes the
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time, date and location the item was found; the individual who found it; the case number; a description of the item; and who took it into custody
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Which term refers to the spiral pattern cut down the length of a firearm's barrel?
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Rifling
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This type of fingerprint, which is not readily visible, consists of impressions of the ridges of the fingers, transferred to other surfaces by sweat on the ridges of the fingers or because the fingers carry residue of oil, blood, dirt, or another substance. These prints are referred to as _____
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latent prints
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Powders, Magnabrush techniques, laser technology, gelatin lifters and cyanoacrylate are all used to process what type of evidence
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fingerprints
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AFIS stands for
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Automated Fingerprint Identification System
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DNA testing is expensive and takes a lot of time. Because of this, laboratories require that
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Samples be sumitted for both the suspect and the victim, sufficient material be collected, and evidence be probative
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The number one mistake officers make in processing fingerprints with powders is
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over-processing fingerprints
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The types of prints taken of persons with reason to be at the crime scene location are referred to as ___________fingerprints
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Elimination
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Fingerprints CANNOT indicate
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age, race, or gender
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In the examination of objects of physical evidence, class characteristics are important because they
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place an item into a specific category
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Integrity of evidence refers to the requirement that any item introduced in court must be in the same condition as when it was found at the crime scene. This is documented by the chain of evidence also referred to as the
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Chain of custody
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THe size and shape of chips and wear patterns in the blade of the screwdriver are __________ characterisitcs
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Individual
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DNA profiling can be done using
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cells from amost any part of the body
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Hair analysis can reveal all but
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age and Gender
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The most frequently located type of microscopic evidence is
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Fibers
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A genetic fingerprint is obtained from a suspect's
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DNA
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When evidence is no longer needed, it is
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auctioned off, destroyed, or returned to the owner
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A way of folding paper so that evidence does not fall out is referred as
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druggist fold
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Laboratory examination of ___________ under a scanning electron microscope (SEM) is still considered a reliable analysis method, although enhancements in technology have been necessary
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Gunshot residue (GSR)
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What evidence can indicate whether a suspect is running, lost,or carrying something heavy?
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footprints
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What type of evidence forms a substantive part of the case or has a legitimate and effective influence on the decision of the case?
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exculpatory
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What type of evidence has been properly collected, identified, filed and continuously secured?
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Competent
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This method is Not recommended for developing latent fingerprints on unpainted wood, paper, cardboard or other obsorbent surfaces
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Powders
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Evidence disposal can occur
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Continuously, annually or on a special day
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The search of a vehicle does not required probate cause because vehicles are mobile
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False
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Dogs can not be trained to search for exlosives
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False
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Interior searches go from the general to the specific, usually in a circular pattern, covering all surfaces of a search area
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True
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Plain-view evidence is admissible in court, no matter what the circumstances
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False
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Officers may not seize contraband they discover during a legal search, but must ask consent
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False
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Officers may use heat-sensing (thermal scanning) devices without a warrant
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False
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The common denominator of all search patterns is that they are designed to systematically locate any evidence at a crime scene or any other area where evidence may be found
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True
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There are some instances in which evidence may not evidence may not exist at the crime scene
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True
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Under the consent once removed exception, officers can make a warrantless entry to arrest a suspect if consent to enter was given earlier to an undercover officer or informant
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True
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A search with consent must be voluntary
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True
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A search warrant can be issued to search for and seize property designed or intended for use in committing a crime scene.
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True
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The consent to search must not be in response to an Officer's claim of lawful authority or in response to a command or threat by an officer
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True
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Every lawful arrest
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...
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During a stop of a moving vehicle, officers may search the vehicle and any closed containers in it with out probable cause or consent
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False
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One of the reasons that the courts allow and inventory of vehciles an property is to prtect the owners property
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True
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Property owners can content to police entry or search even though a tentant or guest has lawful right of possession of the premises
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Flase
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The 4th amendment protects both people and places
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...
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A mobile crime lab is a commercially customized van that provides compartments to hold equiment and countertops for processing evidence
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True
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Having equipment available for evidence processing is important, but having been trained in the use of the equpiment is more important
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true
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During the search of a crime scene it is generally easy to tell which items are evidence the primarily difficulty is collecting the items
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False
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Probabilty serves no purpose in evidence the lab must determine whether or not the evidence exactely matches the standard of comparison
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False
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To simplify testimony in court it is practical to haveone officer collect the item od evidence and another take notes
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False
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Before, during, and after its examination, evidence must be securely protected and properly stored. However, once it is ready for court there are no issues regarding how it is stored
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False
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Automating evidence storage can prevent many problems
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True
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Evidence can be placed in any type of container, as long as it does not touch other evidence
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False
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It does not matter what color of fingerprint powder you use when dusting for prints
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True
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Deoxyribnucleic acid is used to compare sequences of nucleotides
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...
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Fingerprints are a type of evidence that requires a standard of comparison
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True
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Investigators should powder and lift every fingerprint they discover
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False
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blood can be identified as human or animal
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true
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Typewritten materials are untraceable and therefore impossible to link with a suspect
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False
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Locard's exchange principle states that a criminal always takes something from the crime scene or leaves behind incriminating evidence
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True
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Hairs are far more distinguishable than fibers
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False
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Latent prints have been collected from human skin.
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True
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DNA is extremely durable and generally unaffected by heat, sun light, moisture, bacteria, or mold
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...
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Investigators have used lip prints and lip impressions to solve cases
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True
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Evidence must be legally disposed of to prevent major storage problems
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True...
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