question

The realization that people and objects exist even when they cannot be seen is termed __________.

answer

object permanence

question

_____________ refers to changes in existing ways of thinking, understanding, or behaving in response to new stimuli or events

answer

Accommodation

question

During Piaget's __________ stage, a child will show gains in symbolic thinking and mental reasoning emerges.

answer

preoperation

question

Piaget differs from many theorists who came before him in his observation that children experience _________ changes in knowledge and understanding as they move through the stages.

answer

qualitative

question

Three-year-old Lilly could not understand why her mother did not like the picture she had drawn on the wall, when Lilly thought it was so pretty. Lilly's reaction is an example of ________.

answer

egocentric thought

question

Kelly has reached a level of development where she can think abstractly. She can see alternative ways to approach a problem. Kelly is in Piaget's _________ stage.

answer

formal operational

question

In Piaget's theory of development, he believed that children pass through _______ universal stages.

answer

four

question

The stage of concrete operational thought begins at age _____.

answer

seven

question

The major achievement that occurs in Piaget's Substage 6 of sensorimotor development is __________.

answer

symbolic thought

question

According to Piaget, adolescents fully settle into the formal operational stage around the age of ______.

answer

15

question

In math class, the students were asked to determine which car would arrive at a destination first if one was traveling faster while the other one was closer to the destination. To understand this problem, a student would need to be in the ___________ level of thinking.

answer

concrete operational

question

Which of the following equations best represents Piaget's ideas of cognitive development?

answer

Action = Knowledge

question

Piaget differs from many theorists who came before him in his observation that children experience _________ changes in knowledge and understanding as they move through the stages.

answer

qualitative

question

Some studies show that only ________ of college students and adults completely achieve formal operational thinking.

answer

40%-60%

question

The basic building blocks of the way people understand the world are mental structures that Piaget called _________.

answer

schemes

question

Which of the following suggestions has been developed based on the Piagetian approach to learning?

answer

Instruction should be individualized as much as possible.

question

Nora tended to suck at anything that was placed on her lips. This baby is in Substage ______ of the sensorimotor stage of development.

answer

1

question

The appropriate use of logic takes place in the _________ stage of Piaget's theory.

answer

concrete opertional

question

According to Piaget, an operation is defined as ___________.

answer

an organized, formal, logical mental process

question

As Piaget studied his research subjects, his goal was to understand _____________.

answer

how children think

question

________________ is the process of concentrating on one limited component of a stimulus, while ignoring other aspects.

answer

centration

question

According to Piaget, children make the transition from preoperational thought to concrete operational thought between the ages of:

answer

5 and 7

question

If a child is shown two identical balls of clay, one of which is then flattened as the child watches, and the child is asked which one now has more clay, you would know that this exercise is testing the child's ability to perform:

answer

conservation tasks

question

If a child is shown water poured from a tall, thin glass into a short, wide glass, and the child says there is the same amount of water in both glasses, this would indicate that the child's thought is characteristic of which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development?

answer

concrete operational stage

question

According to _____, the failure to conserve is typical of children in the ________ stage of cognitive development.

answer

Piaget; preoperational

question

Children leave the preoperational stage around _____ years of age.

answer

6 or 7

question

The child with whom the experimenter shares crackers at the end of the clip is:

answer

in the preoperational stage

question

The principle of conservation means that ____.

answer

changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's other properties

question

Being able to understand the principle of conservation usually happens around ___ years of age.

answer

7

question

When children begin to understand the principle of conservation, they are in the ____ stage of cognitive development.

answer

concrete operational

question

The ability to ___ is important in understanding the principle of conservation.

answer

focus on more than one dimension at once

question

When the mom hides the elephant and the baby boy finds it, he knows that even when an object can no longer be seen, it still exists. This clip demonstrates the concept of _________, which children usually develop around six months of age.

answer

object permanence

question

The child in this video is gaining information about the world through his senses and motor activity. According to Piaget, he is in the ___________ stage of development.

answer

sensorimotor

question

which scientist is associated with defining the stages of human cognitive development?

answer

Piaget

question

How many key stages are there in our cognitive development?

answer

4

question

when does the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development take place?

answer

birth to age 2

question

When does the final stage of cognitive development begin for most people?

answer

age 11

question

What findings did Dr. Woodward contribute to the field of psychology through her extensive research on babies?

answer

Babies are cognitively very active and are capable of holding memories.

question

The first child in the clip exhibited the egocentric view of a young child by

answer

identifying objects from only his perspective.

question

The second child in the clip exhibited an ability to empathize by

answer

describing the view from another's perspective

question

The concept of scaffolding derives ultimately from _______'s work.

answer

Vygotsky

question

The purpose of scaffolding is to:

answer

to help the child progress through her zone of proximal development

question

At what stage are more and more parents feeling driven to begin educating their children?

answer

infancy

question

What is the "learning illusion"?

answer

the belief that if you expose your baby to specific stimuli early, they will be intelligent and successful later.

question

According to the film what is a common motivator for parents to buy into the learning illusion?

answer

Fear that their child, and American children in general, are intellectually falling behind children in other countries

question

What is the best way to ensure that a child is learning and growing?

answer

Create interesting conversations with them

question

What does psychologist Kathy Hirsh-Pasek mean when she says many children experience a "nature deficit."?

answer

Children are not spending enough time learning in their "natural habitat," the outdoors, and too much time on the couch staring at video screens indoors.

question

According to cross-cultural research examining parenting practices, which of the following was noted?

answer

Mexican mothers provide more scaffolding for their children than Mexican fathers.

question

When a child receives assistance from other people - often more capable adults - this is called ________.

answer

scaffolding

question

How did Vygotsky explain the emergence of cognitive processes, such as attention and memory?

answer

He did not address these topics, as he focused on cultural and social influences on development.

question

In Vygotsky's theory, the zone of ________ development is the level at which a child can almost, but not fully, perform a task independently. They can, however, complete the task with assistance from a more competent assistant.

answer

proximal

question

Actual physical items, like paper and pen, and an intellectual and conceptual framework for solving problems, combine to create ____________.

answer

cultural tools

question

In simple terms, Vygotsky viewed children as ________.

answer

apprentices

question

Which of the following scenarios represents the idea of cooperative learning that uses Vygotsky's theory of scaffolding?

answer

Students who were weaker in one particular academic area would work with classmates who were more advanced in those skills, and would learn from each other.

question

If you were to compare the theories of learning of many European American parents to those of the Chilcotin Indians, the latter would argue that learning can come only from _______.

answer

grasping the total procedure

question

Which of the following children would be considered in the zone of proximal development?

answer

Kaylee could almost, but not quite, understand how to ride her bike.

question

Four-year-old Michael wanted to help his mom bake cookies, but he didn't remember how they made them last time. His mother asked him questions to help him remember how they made them previously and they worked through it together. Her assistance is an example of _______________.

answer

scaffolding

question

If you examine the cognitive developmental theory of Lev Vygotsky, which of the following would be a valid criticism?

answer

Some of his concepts were too broad and not open to experimental testing.

question

In one study it was found that Mexican mothers provide more scaffolding for their children than fathers. How was this explained?

answer

The mothers are more aware of their children's cognitive abilities than the fathers.

question

While Piaget saw children as ________, Vygotsky saw them as apprentices learning from master teachers.

answer

junior scientists

question

Vygotsky believed that cognitive development was the product of ______________.

answer

social interactions

question

At the museum, the mother seemed to explain things with greater scientific detail to her son than to her daughter. This is a demonstration of _________ view of cognitive development.

answer

Vygotsky's

question

Tom's teachers and parents always provided him with the support he needed to learn new things and encouraged him to be independent once he had learned. These efforts demonstrate the idea of ___________.

answer

scaffolding

question

What must occur within the zone of proximal development for cognitive growth to take place?

answer

new information must be presented

question

Vygotsky's approach to cognitive development has encouraged classroom practices that promote ____________.

answer

children's active participation in learning

question

Which of the following current educational practices was especially influenced by Vygotsky's ideas?

answer

cooperative learning

question

According to Goldstein, if a child is looking at an apple and saying, "ba-ba-ba," which of the following would be best thing for the parent to say to the child?

answer

apple

question

How did Vygotsky explain the emergence of cognitive processes, such as attention and memory?

answer

He did not address these topics, as he focused on cultural and social influences on development

question

In which of the following settings do infants learn language skills with the best efficiency?

answer

In an interactive setting where adults respond to them.

question

Which developmentalist believed that culture and society establish institutions that promote development by providing opportunities for cognitive growth?

answer

Vygotsky

question

Given the influence that his cognitive developmental theory has had on the field of psychology, many are surprised to learn that Dr. Lev Vygotsky died at the age of _____.

answer

37

question

Mariska is learning how to tie her shoes. She is unable to make the "Rabbit Ears" in the laces that her mother has shown her, so her mother does it for her. Mariska then wraps the rabbit ears around each other and pulls one through the other. It appears that tying her own shoes is still in Mariska's zone of ________ development.

answer

proximal

question

The concept of cooperative learning is used in many classrooms today. Which developmentalist was responsible for influencing this idea?

answer

Vygotsky

question

Which of the following would NOT be an example of a cultural tool?

answer

dreams

question

When a child in the Chilcotin Indian tribe asks a parent how to do a particular task, which of the following responses will the child be most likely to receive?

answer

The parent will show the child the entire process as it is accomplished

question

The process by which information is initially recorded in a form that is usable to memory is called __________.

answer

encoding

question

In the Atkinson-Shiffrin information processing model, the ___________ is the initial, momentary storage of information.

answer

sensory store

question

________ memory, though longer than the duration of a sensory store, is still very brief. Information can last for between 15 and 25 seconds before it must be used in some way.

answer

short term

question

A process that can be completed with relatively little attention is considered ___________.

answer

automatic

question

The final stage in the Atkinson-Shiffrin model is _________.

answer

long term memory

question

In order for information in short-term memory to be kept alive, it must be ____________.

answer

rehearsed

question

The basic and enduring structures of information processing that remain relatively constant throughout the course of development are called _________.

answer

cognitive architecture

question

If you compare the ability of a child and an adult to remember numbers and letters and the way this ability changes over time, the research cited in your textbook suggests that

answer

Both children and adults are generally able to remember more numbers than letters in a presented list.

question

Carrie loved her history class. She found it easy to remember the people's names and dates of historical events. This type of memory is known as _________.

answer

declarative

question

Amy has decided to take her boyfriend Bill to go roller-skating, an activity that Bill has never before tried. As Amy explains to Bill how to put on the skates, stand, balance, move forward, turn, and brake, she is calling on ________ memories.

answer

procedural

question

What is the correct order of stages in the information processing model?

answer

encoding, storage, and retrieval

question

One phenomenon that is often seen in young children is stranger anxiety, where unfamiliar faces will trigger an anxious response. This would be unusual to see in a child who is at least 5 years old, however. How would this decline in stranger anxiety be explained based on the information-processing theory?

answer

Automatic encoding in 5-year olds is often done in terms of frequency of information exposure, so the child will have better immediate recognition of a familiar face.

question

Russ is taking an exam in his World History class. He has studied at length, and feels prepared for the test. As he sits in front of his test paper, he is trying to bring the information that he has previously stored into his awareness so that he can apply it to the questions. Russ is currently engaging in ________.

answer

retrieval

question

Contemporary researchers believe that working memory is determined by a _____________.

answer

central executive

question

The information processing approach to cognitive development differs from other cognitive development theorists. The difference is most significant when comparing information processing theory to ___________ cognitive stage theory.

answer

Piaget's

question

A set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information is called ________ memory.

answer

working

question

Smells, sounds, and visual images are all examples of ________.

answer

sensory stores

question

What is the key process of sensory memory?

answer

encoding

question

What do psychologists call the process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about information in order to keep it in memory?

answer

rehearsal

question

What is the key process of long-term memory?

answer

retrieval

question

The more information a person acquires, ______.

answer

the easier it is to acquire even more information

question

What happens first when you hear a song, see a photograph, or pet a cat?

answer

Sensory memory starts.

question

In terms of the way it processes and stores information, the brain functions similar to which of the following?

answer

a computer

question

What is sensory memory?

answer

fleeting, visual, auditory, and tactile memories of perceived objects

question

What are the two subtypes of long-term memory?

answer

Declarative and procedural memory

question

What major role does the hippocampus play in processing memories?

answer

It organizes information that is collected in the cerebral cortex.

question

If we are comparing the steps in information processing to a computer, the retrieval stage is analogous to a computer ___________.

answer

screen

question

Typically information in one's sensory store is lost within _____ second(s) after encoding unless that information is quickly routed to short-term memory.

answer

1

question

Whenever Kaylee smelled freshly baked chocolate chip cookies, she was reminded of her childhood. This is an example of a(n) ___________.

answer

retrieval cue

question

Which of the following processes is probably the most important in the development of a child's ability to use concepts?

answer

automaticity

question

Atkinson and Shiffrin's approach to information processing includes _________ systems.

answer

three

question

In general what is the relationship between changes in short-term memory (STM) and age, up to adulthood?

answer

The capacity of STM tends to increase with age.

question

Storage in short-term memory lasts at the most for ________.

answer

15 to 25 seconds

question

According to information processing theorists, developmental change is not reflected in changes in cognitive architecture, but rather in the ________ and capacity of information processing over time.

answer

efficiency

question

When comparing the stages of the information processing approach to a computer, we can think of the encoding stage as the computer ________.

answer

keyboard

question

People remember factual information in ________ memory.

answer

declarative

question

Devon has just been given a phone number to remember, but she has nothing with which she can write it down. While she is looking for a pen, she mutters the number to herself over and over again so she won't forget it. This process of keeping a stimulus active in short-term memory is called ________.

answer

rehearsal

question

The degree to which an activity requires attention is known as ___________.

answer

automatization

question

Another name for memory capacity in short-term memory is ____________.

answer

working memory

question

The process of finding and bringing information stored in memory into awareness is ___________.

answer

retrieval

question

One-year-old Lisa understood that an animal with four legs, a wagging tail, and barking was a dog. Lisa had developed a _________ of a dog.

answer

concept

question

Which of the following is a good study habit?

answer

Studying information in a non-contiguous way

question

Which of the following is an example of "blocking"?

answer

Practicing solving one type of math equation over and over, then moving on to practice another type of math equation without returning to practice the first one again.

question

Which of the following is an example of "interleaving"?

answer

Practicing solving different types of math equations in one sitting by mixing them all up.

question

How should math books be organized to better prepare a student for a test?

answer

Math books should be organized in an interleaving format since math tests are most often organized in an interleaving format.

question

How does spacing while you are studying help you in the long run?

answer

It forces your brain to reload information into memory, thereby strengthening your memory of that specific information.

question

The teacher wanted to give her students strategies for organizing information so they were more likely to remember it. This is a practice known as _______.

answer

mnemonics

question

Sherri was worried about her math test. She decided to study in the room where she would take the test, since this was the best way for her to remember what she had studied. Her decision is an example of the ___________.

answer

encoding specificity phenomenon

question

The one facet of memory that does seem to improve with age, from childhood to adulthood, is ________ memory.

answer

short-term

question

According to developmental psychologist Robbie Case, cognitive development proceeds because of increases in ___________.

answer

working memory capabilities

question

The reason long-term memory tends to diminish with age is that __________.

answer

people tend to store information less efficiently

question

In the ___________ strategy, one word might be paired with another that sounds like it

answer

keyword

question

It has been shown that absolute capacity of sensory memory is at an adult level by the age of _____.

answer

5

question

The type of memory necessary to recall a particular event from one's own life is called ___________ memory.

answer

autobiographical

question

The first step in information processing is _________.

answer

attention

question

___________ is the understanding we have of the processes that underlie memory.

answer

metamemory

question

By the time a person reaches _________, they should have become more adept at dividing their attention across more than one stimulus at a time.

answer

adolescence

question

The most recent research shows that memories of personal experiences do NOT seem to be accurate before the age of ____________.

answer

18 to 24 months

question

During the social studies test, Vanessa remembered how global warming worked by thinking of herself at the beach on a hot day. This is an example of __________.

answer

visualizing

question

Although older research suggested that infantile amnesia prevented children from having memories from their earliest years, more recent research suggests that children may recall experiences from as early as ____ months of age.

answer

6

question

A team of researchers at Johns Hopkins University has discovered that certain kinds of _________ are beneficial in producing long-term memories.

answer

fatty acids

question

Which approach to cognitive development focuses on the quantitative changes that occur?

answer

information processing

question

______________ is the ability to allocate attention based on the goals that are desired.

answer

planning

question

The average attention span of a five- or six-year-old is about ________ minutes on a single activity.

answer

seven

question

The operating efficiency hypothesis states that people are able to remember better with age, from childhood to adulthood, because __________.

answer

they process information more quickly

question

Psychologist Michael Cole and his colleagues (1971) demonstrated that there were rather few memory differences between children from Western cultures and educated children in ________.

answer

Liberia

question

Tina's mom drives her to school every day. They use the same route and the same routines. Unless something out of the ordinary occurs, Tina doesn't really distinguish one ride from another. This memory is an example of a ___________.

answer

script

question

Researchers have found that palmitate, a sticky fatty acid, has an effect on ____________.

answer

long-term memory

question

Penny has an ongoing problem with finding her car keys in the morning. She just can't seem to remember to leave them on the table by her front door! To get over this, she purchases a key hook from the local hardware store and mounts it to the wall just inside of her front door. From then after, she rarely has any difficulty finding her car keys. Which type of mnemonic has Penny employed?

answer

getting organized

question

In the study, an infant was able to activate a mobile by kicking its leg which was attached to the mobile by a string. Some time later, the infants were given the opportunity to repeat the process. This study gave evidence that showed ______.

answer

infants were able to remember

question

Which of the following would NOT be considered a mnemonic strategy?

answer

comprehending

question

Jenna knew that the best way for her to learn her multiplication tables was to rehearse them over and over. This is a type of ___________.

answer

control strategy

question

The physical characteristics of stimuli are what make them into ___________ stimuli.

answer

attention-getting

question

Which of the following would be the best synonym for rehearsal?

answer

practice

question

Memory experts have noted that the culture in which a person is raised has __________ on the basic memory process.

answer

no effect

question

Like most people, Jared can remember only events that happened after the age of ______.

answer

three

question

The capacity of short-term memory is based on __________.

answer

whether the material forms meaningful chunks of information

question

Six-month-old Alyssa knows that when her mother puts a jacket on her, they are going to ride in the stroller, so she eagerly raises her arms to put on the jacket. This is evidence of ____________.

answer

planning

question

Thinking that demonstrates a preschool-aged child's use of primitive reasoning is known as _____ thought.

answer

intuitive

question

The process which people use to understand an experience in terms of their current stage of development and way of thinking is known as ____________.

answer

assimilation

question

A baby might begin to combine grasping a rattle with sucking on it during Substage _______.

answer

2

question

By the time he was 18 months old, Billy loved to throw a toy into the bathtub repeatedly to see how high he could make the water splash. Which of Piaget's substages does this represent?

answer

tertiary circular reactions

question

The four-month-old baby wanted to put every object she could grasp into her mouth. This is a type of sensorimotor ____________.

answer

scheme

question

Two-year-old Stephanie loves to pretend she is driving a car as she sits in her high chair. Today she went she pushed up her fist and yelled "HONK HONK" as she was playing. Her mother smiles at this, as she remembers that she honked the horn at a careless driver while taking Stephanie to a play-date that morning. Stephanie is demonstrating ___________.

answer

reversibility

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