question

True or False: Aquaporins are believed to be present in red blood cells and kidney tubules, but not in any other cells in the body.

answer

False

question

Help prevent molecules from passing through the extracellular space between adjacent cells.

answer

Tight Junction

question

Type of anchoring junction.

answer

Desmosome

question

Allows ions and small molecules to pass through from one cell to another.

answer

Gap Junction

question

Present in electrically excitable tissues.

answer

Gap Junction

question

Abundant in tissues subjected to great mechanical stress.

answer

Desmosome

question

Which of the following statements is NOT one of the four major concepts of the cell theory? a. The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms. b. The function of a cell dictates the structure and organelles of the cells. c. The activity of an organism emerges from the individual combined activities of the cell. d. Cells arise from other cells.

answer

b. The function of a cell dictates the structure and organelles of the cells.

question

True or False: Interstitial fluid represents one type of extracellular material.

answer

True

question

Which of the following describes tight junctions? a. cell junctions in areas that are subjected to great mechanical stress, such as the skin and heart muscles b. junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract c. junctions within electrically excitable tissues, such as the heart and smooth muscle d. junctions where cells are held together by cadherins

answer

b. junctions among epithelial cells lining the digestive tract

question

Passive membrane transport processes include ________. a. movement of a substance down its concentration gradient b. the use of transport proteins when moving substances from areas of low to high concentration c. movement of water from an area of high solute concentration to an area of low concentration d. consumption of ATP

answer

a. movement of a substance down its concentration gradient

question

Which of the following molecules might change over time in a cancer cell? a. membrane glycolipids b. membrane glycoproteins c. glycocalyx sugars d. all of the above

answer

d. all of the above

question

Which of the following statements is correct regarding net diffusion? a. The rate is independent of temperature. b. The lower the temperature, the faster the rate. c. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate. d. Molecular weight of a substance does not affect the rate.

answer

c. The greater the concentration gradient, the faster the rate.

question

Ions are transported across membranes using __________, which requires __________. a. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion; ATP energy b. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy c. simple diffusion; kinetic energy d. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; ATP energy

answer

b. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion; kinetic energy

question

Drinking alcohol makes the blood hypertonic. Which option best describes the consequences of this hypertonic blood? a. Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells. b. Hypertonic blood forces water into the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells. c. Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypotonic. This, in turn, makes the interstitial fluid lose water to the cells. d. Hypertonic blood will lose water to the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, causes water to move into the cell.

answer

a. Hypertonic blood draws water out of the interstitial fluid, which makes the interstitial fluid hypertonic. This, in turn, draws water out of the cells.

question

True or False: Osmosis is the passive movement of water but it follows almost completely opposite laws of physics when compared to the diffusion of ions or other small particles.

answer

False

question

How do unsaturated phospholipid fatty acid tails affect plasma membrane fluidity? a. Less unsaturated fatty acids means less tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in less membrane fluidity. b. Less unsaturated fatty acids means more tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in greater membrane fluidity. c. More unsaturated fatty acids means more tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in less membrane fluidity. d. More unsaturated fatty acids means less tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in greater membrane fluidity.

answer

d. More unsaturated fatty acids means less tightly packed phospholipids, resulting in greater membrane fluidity.

question

Which of the following is a component of the plasma membrane that creates a chemical barrier between the inside and the outside of the cell? a. cholesterol b. phospholipids c. proteins d. water

answer

b. phospholipids

question

In a tissue type that undergoes a relatively great deal of mechanical stress, like the tissue that lines the intestine, you would expect to see an abundance of ________ between the individual cells of the tissue. a. gap junctions b. tight junctions c. desmosomes d. connexons

answer

c. desmosomes

question

You observe a small, nonpolar molecule near a membrane. How would this molecule likely transport across the membrane? a. channel-mediated facilitated diffusion b. simple diffusion c. active transport d. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

answer

b. simple diffusion

question

The myocardium (cardiac muscle tissue) undergoes a significant amount of physical stress due to its contractions. You would expect to see relatively large numbers of which of the following embedded within their plasma membrane? a. desmosomes b. glycolipids c. transport proteins d. tight junctions

answer

a. desmosomes

question

Which of the following would NOT diffuse through the plasma membrane by means of simple diffusion? a. oxygen b. a lipid-soluble vitamin c. a steroid hormone d. glucose

answer

d. glucose

question

A red blood cell placed in pure water would ________. a. swell and burst b. shrink c. swell initially, then shrink as equilibrium is reached d. neither shrink nor swell

answer

a. swell and burst

question

The movement of water across the plasma membrane can be described by all of the following EXCEPT ________. a. passive membrane transport. b. simple diffusion. c. facilitated diffusion through aquaporins. d. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion.

answer

d. carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion.

question

If cells are placed in a hypertonic solution containing a solute to which the membrane is impermeable, what could happen? a. The cells will swell and ultimately burst. b. The cells will show no change due to diffusion of both solute and solvent. c. The cells will lose water and shrink. d. The cells will shrink at first, but will later reach equilibrium with the surrounding solution and return to their original condition.

answer

c. The cells will lose water and shrink.

question

In a patient with severely burned skin, the damaged cells that have lost fluid cannot be properly rehydrated because_________. a. selective permeability prevents water molecules from entering these damaged cells b. selective permeability allows too many water molecules to enter these damaged cells, resulting in ionic imbalances within these cells c. the absence of selective permeability allows water molecules that enter these damaged cells to also leave the cytoplasm d. none of the above

answer

c. the absence of selective permeability allows water molecules that enter these damaged cells to also leave the cytoplasm

question

Which of the following names the three main parts of a human cell? a. mitochondria, lysosome, and centriole b. cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus c. plasma membrane, mitochondria, and nucleus d. cytosol, nucleus, and membrane

answer

b. cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and nucleus

question

True or False: The glycocalyx is composed of glycolipids, glycoproteins and cholesterol molecules that are displayed on the outside surface of the plasma membrane.

answer

False

question

Cancerous cells may continuously change their glycocalyx. This may result in ________. a. a decrease in the permeability of the tumor cell's plasma membrane preventing the uptake of chemotherapy drugs b. the cancer cells conserving energy for more growth c. the cancer cell avoiding destruction by keeping one step ahead of the immune system d. allowing the cancer cells to bind to their healthy, neighboring cells

answer

c. the cancer cell avoiding destruction by keeping one step ahead of the immune system

question

Which vesicular transport process occurs primarily in some white blood cells and macrophages? a. intracellular vesicular trafficking b. exocytosis c. phagocytosis d. pinocytosis

answer

c. phagocytosis

question

True or False: Channel-mediated diffusion is a form of active transport.

answer

False

question

What is a membrane potential? a. cooperation between cells b. the ability of the cells to perform their specialized functions c. a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane d. the possibility of cell activity

answer

c. a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane

question

If a cell is selectively reducing the concentration of a particular enzyme in the extracellular fluid it will likely utilize ________. a. phagocytosis b. pinocytosis c. receptor-mediated endocytosis d. exocytosis

answer

c. receptor-mediated endocytosis

question

When tissues are injured or infected, chemical signals can be releases that affect the plasma membrane of cells that line the nearby blood vessels. These blood vessels cells (endothelial cells) respond to the chemical signals by displaying a type of glycoproteins on their surface. These proteins will attach to circulating white blood cells bringing them to the site of injury or infection. These glycoproteins would best be described as ________. a. Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs) b. transport proteins c. desmosomes d. G-proteins

answer

a. Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)

question

True or False: A resting membrane potential is a sign of a depolarized membrane.

answer

False

question

What is the difference between active and passive transport across the plasma membrane? a. Active transport implies that the cell is working with other cells, whereas passive transport implies that the cell does not cooperate with other cells. b. Active transport is used to move substances down their concentration gradient, whereas passive transport is used to move substances against their concentration gradient. c. Active transport means that the cell is actively going after substances that it wants to bring into the cell, whereas passive transport means that the cell just waits for the substance to cross the membrane. d. Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.

answer

d. Active transport is ATP dependent, whereas passive transport uses only the kinetic energy of the particles for movement across the plasma membrane.

question

Which of the following statements is true? a. Endocytosis and exocytosis are passive transport mechanisms. b. Exocytosis involves infolding of the plasma membrane. c. Unlike endocytosis, exocytosis does not rely on protein interactions with the plasma membranes. d. During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside.

answer

d. During exocytosis, substances from inside the cell are moved outside.

question

Which of the following processes allows cells to concentrate material that is present only in very small amounts in the extracellular fluid? a. pinocytosis b. phagocytosis c. receptor-mediated endocytosis d. transcytosis

answer

c. receptor-mediated endocytosis

question

A cell engulfing a relatively large particle will likely utilize ________. a. phagocytosis b. pinocytosis c. receptor-mediated endocytosis d. exocytosis

answer

a. phagocytosis

question

A type of transport protein found in the plasma membrane of cells lining the inside of the intestine allows sodium ions to diffuse down their concentration gradient. The ions move through the transport protein, and into the cell. These transport proteins will use the kinetic energy of the diffusing sodium ions to bring glucose into the cells as well. This transport protein would best be described as ________. a. a carrier protein b. a pump c. a symporter d. a channel

answer

c. a symporter

question

Some hormones enter cells via ________. a. receptor-mediated endocytosis b. pinocytosis c. primary active transport d. exocytosis

answer

a. receptor-mediated endocytosis

question

Which transport process is the main mechanism for the movement of most macromolecules by body cells? a. receptor-mediated endocytosis b. secondary active transport c. phagocytosis d. pinocytosis

answer

a. receptor-mediated endocytosis

question

True or False: Concentration differences cause ionic imbalances that polarize the cell membrane.

answer

True

question

True or False: In their resting state, all body cells exhibit a resting membrane potential; therefore, all cells are polarized.

answer

True

question

Which of the following statements is correct regarding RNA? a. There is exactly one specific type of mRNA for each amino acid. b. Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis. c. If the base sequence of DNA is ATTGCA, the messenger RNA template will be UCCAGU. d. rRNA is always attached to the rough ER.

answer

b. Messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA play a role in protein synthesis.

question

Forms part of the subunits for the protein synthesizing organelle.

answer

Ribosomal RNA

question

A molecule that binds to a specific codon and specific amino acid simultaneously.

answer

Transfer RNA

question

Attaches the correct amino acid to its transfer RNA.

answer

Synthetase enzymes

question

Provides the energy needed for synthesis reactions.

answer

ATP

question

Produced in the nucleus, this molecule specifies the exact sequence of amino acids of the protein to be made.

answer

Messenger RNA

question

May be attached to the ER or scattered in the cytoplasm.

answer

Ribosomal RNA

question

If a tRNA had an AGC anticodon, it could attach to a(n) ________ mRNA codon. a. AUG b. TCG c. UCG d. UGA

answer

c. UCG

question

True or False: DNA transcription is another word for DNA replication.

answer

False

question

True or False: The genetic information encoded in DNA by the regular alternation of sugar and phosphate molecules.

answer

False

question

A gene can best be defined as ________. a. a three-base triplet that specifies a particular amino acid b. a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain c. an RNA messenger that codes for a particular polypeptide d. noncoding segments of DNA up to 100,000 nucleotides long

answer

b. a segment of DNA that carries the instructions for one polypeptide chain

question

If the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is ACGTT, then what would be the sequence of bases in the corresponding mRNA? a. UGCAA b. ACGTT c. GUACC d. TGCAA

answer

a. UGCAA

question

Riboswitches are folded RNAs that act as switches to turn protein synthesis on or off in response to _________. a. changes in the environment b. specific tRNAs c. the presence or absence of ubiquitins d. specific codes from the DNA

answer

a. changes in the environment

question

__________ is a molecule that brings amino acids to the ribosome during translation. a. DNA b. rRNA c. mRNA d. t-RNA

answer

d. t-RNA

question

True or False: Introns represent a genome scrap yard that provides DNA segments for genome evolution and a variety of small RNA molecules.

answer

True

question

The RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the ribosome for protein formation is ________. a. rRNA b. tRNA c. mRNA d. ssRNA

answer

b. tRNA

question

What are the two basic steps of polypeptide synthesis? a. RNA production and DNA intron release b. transcription and translation c. protein coding and release d. transcription and DNA replication

answer

b. transcription and translation

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