Ch. 26 War and Revolution Review – Flashcards

Militarism, nationalism, alliances, industrialism/imperialism 1. Gavrilo Princip's assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife led Europe into world war. This was because it occurred in the crisis-ridden territories of the Balkans on the border between the weakened Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian empires.

Clemenceau led France, David Lloyd George led Great Britain, and Hindenburg and Ludendorff led Germany.

Grigori Rasputin was Alexandra's "MAGIC GUY" who was killed by 3 members of the high aristocracy because they blamed him for Russia's problems during WWI. Rasputin was an uneducated Siberian preacher whose influence on the tsarina rested on his purported healing powers. Alexis, who was Alexandra's only son and heir to the throne had hemophilia. Rasputin claimed that only he could stop the bleeding with his miraculous healing powers. In a desperate attempt to right the situation and end unfounded rumors that he was the empress' lover. 3 members of the higher aristocracy murdered Rasputin in Dec. 1916. Poor Rasputin :(

Germany refused to renew a non-aggression pact with Russia. This departure of foreign affairs prompted republican France to court absolutist Russia, offering them loans, arms, and support. In early 1894, France and Russia became military allies.

The Triple Alliance consisted of Austria, Germany, and Italy. The Triple Entente was an alliance between Britain, Russia, and France. The Central Powers consisted of the Ottoman Empire, Austria, Germany, and Bulgaria. Bulgaria joined to settle old scores with Serbia. The Balkans, with the exception of Greece, were occupied by the Central Powers.

Commercial rivalry in world markets between Germany and Britain increased as Germany became a great industrial power. Germany's pursuit of colonies further threatened British interests. Above all, Germany's decision in 1900 to greatly expand it's battle fleet posed a challenge to British naval supremacy.

Following the terrible Battles of Verdun and the Somme in 1916, German military leaders forced the Reichstag to accept the Auxiliary Service Law, which required all males between 17 and 60 to work only at jobs considered critical to the war effort.

The goals were to keep France isolated without military allies and to keep peace between Russia and the Austro-Hungarian Empire

Troops sent to support the Whites made limited and halfhearted efforts. In 1919, Westerners were sick of war, and few politicians wanted to get involved in a new military crusade. Thus Allied Intervention did not aid the Whites effectively, though it did permit the Bolsheviks to appeal to the ethnic nationalism of ethnic Russians.

1. The Treaty of Versailles redrew the map of Europe and the war's losers paid the price. Germany had to limit its army to one hundred thousand men and agree to build no military fortifications in the Rhineland. The war guilt clause also declared that Germany and Austria were solely responsible for the war and forced Germany to pay reparations equal to all civilian damages caused by the fighting. 2. When presented with the treaty, the new German government protested. But there was no alternative, especially since the people of Germany were still starving because the Allies had not yet lifted their naval blockade.

1. The complicated mobilization plans of Russian general staff assumed a two-front war with both Austria and Germany. 2.The German general staff also thought in terms of a two-front war against France and Russia, as shown by the Schlieffen Plan.

Walter Rathenau was a talented Jewish industrialist in charge of Germany's largest electric company. he convinced the government to set up the War Raw Materials Board to ration and distribute raw materials. Under Rathenau's direction, every useful material was inventoried and rationed.

France

With many men fighting, many women moved into skilled industrial jobs labelled mens' work only. Some women believed that the war would truly break down the barriers between mens' and womens' work. Women also became more visible in public with a variety of occupations. The war expanded the range of womens' activities and changed attitudes about gender.

1. Lenin demanded a small, disciplined, elitist party, while his opponents wanted a more democratic party with mass membership. The Russian Marxists promptly split into two rival factions. Lenin called his group the Bolsheviks, or majority group. His opponents were the Mensheviks or minority groups. The Bolsheviks had only a majority of one vote, but Lenin kept the name for propaganda reasons. 2. The Bolsheviks came to power for 3 main reasons. First, by late 1917 democracy had given away to anarchy. Second, in Lenin and Trotsky the Bolsheviks had an utterly determined and superior leadership. Third, the Bolsheviks appealed to soldiers and urban workers.

The misguided Schlieffen Plan called for a quick victory over a fast attack through neutral Belgium-the quickest way to reach Paris-before turning on Russia. On August 3, German armies invaded Belgium. Great Britain declared war on Germany the following day. The first Battle of Marne saved France from the German invasion and ended the Schlieffen Plan.

On the eastern front, the slaughter did not immediately degenerate into trench warfare, and the fighting was dominated by Germany. On the western front, trench warfare began after the Battle of the Marne since the armies were stalled. The fighting was dominated by Britain and France.

The Petrograd Soviet Army Order No. 1 was issued in may 1917, which stripped officers of their authority and placed power in the hands of the elected committees of common soldiers. Designed primarily to protect the revolution from resistance by the aristocratic officer corps, the order led to a collapse of army discipline.

Increased Anglo-Germanic tensions coincided with the South African War between the British and the Dutch in the south, which encouraged worldwide opposition to British imperialism. In response, British leaders prudently went about supporting their exposed position with alliances and agreements. Britain improved its often strained relations with the U.S., concluded an alliance with Japan in 1902, and allied with France in the Anglo-French Entente of 1904, which settled all outstanding colonial disputes between Britain and France.

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a treaty that ceded a third of Russia's population to Germany. It was signed with Germany in March 1918 and was considered a peace treaty.

President Woodrow Wilson-He was almost obsessed with creating a League of Nations. He disagreed with Clemenceau because his demands seemed vindictive, and they violated Wilson's sense of Christian morality and the principle of national self determination. Lloyd George of Britain-He and Clemenceau were both primarily concerned with punishing Germany. Though he supported Clemenceau, his beliefs were less harsh. Georges Clemenceau of France-He wanted Germany to pay for its aggression. The war in the west had been fought on French soil, and he wanted revenge, economic retribution, and lasting security for France. He believed that this would require the creation of a buffer state between France and Germany, the permanent demilitarization of Germany, and vast German reparations.

In the Sykes-Picot Agreement, Britain and France agreed that France would receive modern-day Lebanon and Syria and much of southern Turkey and that the British would receive Palestine Transjordan, and Iraq. Thus the allies never truly intended to grant Arab self-determination after the war. It was important because it angered Arab nationalists.

The result of the First Moroccan Crisis in 1905 was a diplomatic revolution. Britain, France, Russia, and even the U.S. began to see Germany as a potential threat that might seek to dominate all of Europe. At the same time, German leaders began to see sinister plots to encircle Germany and block its development as a world power.

The February Revolution that led to the establishment of the provisional government and the abdication of the tsar was the result of an unplanned uprising of hungry, angry people in the capital, but it was eagerly accepted throughout the country.

The leaders of Austria-Hungary concluded that Serbia was implicated in the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand and deserved severe punishment. On July 23, Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an unconditional ultimatum, including demands that would violate Serbia's sovereignty. When Serbia replied moderately but evasively, Austria-Hungary declared war on July 28. They chose war to stop the hostile nationalism within its borders in an effort to save the existing empire.

British - the Germans invaded Belgium's neutrality, angering the British and inticing them to join the fighting US.-In May 1915, a german submarine sank the British passenger line Lusitania, killing 139 U.S. citizens. President Woodrow Wilson protested vigorously, using the tragedy to incite public opinion against the Germans. Germany halted its submarine warfare for almost 2 years. Early in 1917, they resumed unrestricted submarine warfare. The U.S. declared war on Germany.

Leading politicians and intellectuals portrayed war as a test of strength that would lead to national unity and renewal. each government used rigorous censorship and crude propaganda to bolster popular support. Patriotic posters and slogans, slanted news, and biased editorials inflamed national hatred and controlled public opinion, encouraging soldiers to fight.

Emperor William II fled to Holland, and military defeat led to turmoil. AH separated into the independent states of Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and a larger Romania. An expanded Serbian monarchy gained control of the Western Balkans (the "powder keg") and became Yugoslavia. Hungary was an independent soviet republic for four months in 1919, until conservative nationalists seized power.

In Germany, the moderate Social Democratic Party & their liberal allies gained power after a popular uprising toppled the authoritarian monarchy. They created the Weimar Republic, which led Germany for 15 years. They succeeded because the Marxists in the Social Democratic Party were moderates, not revolutionaries, and strong nationalists who quickly came to terms with the army and big business. When the communist Spartist Uprising, led by Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg, tried to seize control of the government in Berlin in 1919, the Moderate Social Democrats called in the Nationalist Free Corps Militias (demobilized soldiers who had kept their weapons) to quickly and easily crush all uprisings.

The Western reaction was swift and decisive. A French army stationed in Lebanon attacked Syria, taking Damascus in July 1920. The Arab government fled, and the French took over. Meanwhile, the British put down on uprising in Iraq with bloody fighting and established effective control there. The British mandate in Palestine also formally incorporated the Balfour Declaration and its commitment to a Jewish national home.

When Lenin mandated land reform from above, he merely approved of what peasants were already doing. Lenin also ratified local committees and direct control of individual factories for urban workers with a decree in Nov. 1917

There were many military casualties, proper burials were difficult, and there was not enough money for pensions or job training programs. Nearly 10% of German civilians were direct victims of war. Taking care of them was the most difficult problem for German governments.

The Balkans were considered to be the the "tinderbox" of Europe, since war there seemed inevitable. Between 1900 and 1914, the Western powers had successfully forced the Ottoman rulers to give up their European territories. The ethnic nationalism inspired by these changing state boundaries was destroying the Ottoman Empire and threatening Austria-Hungary.