Ch 22 Section 2: The Enlightenment in Europe – Flashcards
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Enlightenment
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Started from key ideas put forth by Thomas Hobbes and John Locke
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Thomas Hobbes
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Convinced that all humans were natural selfish and wicked, argued that to escape a bleak life, people had to hand rights to a strong ruler, believed in absolute monarchy
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Social Contract
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Agreement by which oriole define and limit their individual rights, creating an organized society or government
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Leviathan
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1651, book written by Hobbes to express his views on society and people
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John Locke
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Believed people could learn from experience and improve themselves and had rights of life, liberty and, property, criticized absolute monarchy, favored self government,
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Paris
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Meeting place for people who wanted to discuss politics and ideas
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Philosophes
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Group of social thinkers in France during the Enlightenment
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Reason
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Enlightened thinkers believed truth could be discovered through reason or logical thinking
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Nature
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Philosophes believed that what was natural was also good and reasonable
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Happiness
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Philosophes rejected the medieval notion that people should find joy in the hear after and urged people to speak wellbeing on earth
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Progress
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Philosophes stressed that society and humankind could improve
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Liberty
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Philosophes called for the liberties that the English people had won in their Glorious Revolution and Bill of Rights
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Francois Marie Arouet
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Pen name Voltaire, published more than 70 books, used satire against opponents, sent to prison twice, never stopped fighting tolerance, reason, religious belief
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Baron de Montesquieu
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Influential french writer, devoted himself to political liberty, believed Britain was the best governed and politically balanced country if his day
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Separation of Powers
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What Baron de Montesquieu called the division of power amount different branches of Government
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On the Spirit of Laws
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1748, Written by Baron de Montesquieu, proposed separation of powers would keep any individual or group from gaining total control of the Government
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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Committed to individual freedom, disagreed with other Enlightenment thinkers, believed the only good government was one that was freely formed by people-direct democracy, inspired the overthrow of monarchy in 1789
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The Social Contract
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1762, Written by Jean Jacques Rousseau, explained his political philosophy
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Cesare Bonesana Beccaria
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Turned thoughts into a justice system, believed laws existed to preserve social order-not to avenge crimes, believed in speedy trails and no torture
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Mary Astell
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1694, published A Serious Proposal to the Ladies, book addressed lack of educational opportunities for women
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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Disagreed with Rousseau, argued that women need education to become virtuous and useful, urged women to enter male-dominated fields like medicine and politics
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A Vindication of the rights of Woman
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1792, written about Mary Wollstonecraft
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Enlightenment Writers
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Examined principles like the divine rights of monarchs, the union of Church and state, and existence of unequal social classes
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Philosophes' theories
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Inspired American and french revolutions and other revolutionary movement in 1800s
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Enlightenment thinking
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Produced 3 long term effects that helped shape western civilization
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Belief in Progress
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Growth of scientific knowledge in 1700s, new discoveries in chemistry, physics, biology, mechanics, end slavery and social equality
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Rise of a more secular outlook
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People Questioned openly their religious beliefs and teachings of the church, accepted mysteries as working of God but changed as scientist revealed things
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Rise of individualism
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Encouraged people to use their own ability to reason what is right and wrong, emphasized importance of individual
