question

Factories

answer

points where spices and other products could be stored until they were shipped to Europe

question

Kowtowing

answer

Europeans humbling themselves before thrones of Asian potentates

question

Zheng He

answer

court eunuch of 3rd Ming emperor, Yunglo; led series of 7 overseas trade expeditions 1405-1433; only Chinese attempt to create worldwide trade empire

question

Batavia

answer

-Dutch fortress located after 1620 on island of Java

question

Nobunaga

answer

Japanese daimyo; 1st to make extensive use of firearms; 1573 deposed of last of Ashikaga shoguns, unified much of central Honshu under his command; killed in 1582

question

Hideyoshi

answer

general under Nobunaga; succeeded as leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of daimyos; constructed series of alliances that made him military master of Japan 1590; died 1598

question

Tokugawa

answer

vassal ally of Hideyoshi, built up powerful rule in heavily populated Kanto plain, winner after war after Hideyoshi died, consolidate power in Japan, lands held by daimyos allied w/ shoguns

question

What role did Europeans play in the Indian Ocean network in the Early Modern Period?

answer

Portugal found water route to Asia

question

In what location did the Europeans actually have any large impact on social, political, and economic life in the Indian Ocean network?

answer

Japan b/c European missionaries and firearms play important roles in civil wars in 16th century Japan

question

When did the Portuguese first arrive in India?

answer

1498

question

What was the response by the natives to the Portuguese traders?

answer

Made fun of for "crude" tools, local merchants uninterested but later find out Asians would accept silver as payment for Asian goods

question

Describe the three zones of trade in the Asian sea trading network.

answer

Arab - glass, carpet, tapestries; Indian - cotton textiles; China - paper, porcelain, silk textiles

question

What raw materials were most in demand by the Europeans?

answer

Spices, ivory, precious stones

question

Describe the navigation technique used by most sailors in the Asian network

answer

Going along the coastline, see towns & landmarks

question

What two general characteristics were present in the Asian trade system at the time the Portuguese arrived?

answer

No central control, military force usually absent from commercial exchanges - peaceful exchanges because everyone got what they wanted

question

Where were the critical geographic points of trade?

answer

Mouths of Red Sea & Persian Gulf and Straits of Malacca

question

Explain how the Portuguese were able to gain a position in the Asian trade system.

answer

Used force to get spices etc. from Asia b/c far outnumbered & could only trade valuable things to them, ships except for Chinese war fleets couldn't withstand firepower of Portuguese squadrons, surprised them to keep enemies off balance in early years of empire building; forces small but united in drive for wealth and religious converts, took advantage of deep divisions among Asians and inability to combine forces effectively in battle

question

In the early 16th century what strategic coastal towns were controlled by the Portuguese?

answer

Ormuz, Goa, Malacca

question

What was the aim of the Portugal's trading empire?

answer

Establish Portuguese monopoly control over key Asian products like spices and impose a licensing system on all merchant ships that traded in the Indian Ocean from Ormuz to Malacca

question

Why were the Portuguese not able to sustain an Asian trading empire?

answer

Controlled much of flow of spices (nutmeg, mace) but not key ones (pepper, cinnamon); severe punishments on rival traders and rule-breakers, lack soldiers or ships to sustain monopoly or licensing system; many disloyal and independent traders, Asian rivals resistant, poor military discipline, officials corrupted, heavy shipping losses b/c bad ship design and overloading

question

Where did the Dutch take control and where did the British?

answer

Portuguese fort of Malacca and made new port at Batavia; India

question

Describe the Dutch trading empire in Asia.

answer

Fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, monopoly control of limited # of products, more numerous and better armed shops, regulate supply of spices by uprooting ones they didn't control, forcibly removed/wiped out island peoples who cultivated the spices w/out Dutch supervision & dared to sell to Dutch rivals

question

How did the Dutch and British begin to profit from the Asian trade network?

answer

Dutch - rely on fees charged for transporting products here there, depend on profits gained from buying Asian productions and trade them in Europe at inflated prices, peaceful commerce better than forcible controls English - same as Dutch, but enterprises focused along Indian coast and cloth trade not spices of SE Asia

question

Why were the Europeans able to control coastal areas, but not inland?

answer

Greatly outnumbered by superior Asian armies

question

Where were the Dutch able to move inland and control territory? How? Why?

answer

Ceylon by moving slowly inland from Batavia into highlands of W Java b/c found land ideal for coffee growing - coffee in high demand in Europe

question

Why were the Spanish able to control the northern Philippines (Luzon), but not the southern Philippines (Mindanao)?

answer

Northern - animists living in small states, so easy to control. Southern - united, 1 Muslim kingdom, resisted Christian dominance

question

Describe the tribute system that developed in European controlled areas.

answer

"Know that I'm your boss, you give me required amount of stuff, and I won't bother you.", paid in agricultural products peasants grew thru coercive labor systems supervised by elites

question

How successful were Christian missionary efforts in India?

answer

Widespread conversion among low-caste or outcaste groups

question

What method did di Nobili try to get Hindus to convert to Christianity?

answer

Tried to be like a Hindu and dress like a brahman

question

Where were the most Christian converts gained and why?

answer

Philippines b/c never had been exposed to a world religion before

question

What was the overall impact of the European intrusion into the Indian Ocean trade network?

answer

New routes: Cape of Good Hope between Europe and Indian Ocean, Philippine Islands and Mexico via Pacific Ocean; need for safe harbors = rapid growth of trading centers: Goa, Calcutta, and Batavia; decline of existing indigenous commercial centers: Muslim cities on E African coast and Malacca; introduced principle of sea warfare into peaceful commercial world

question

Describe what changes were made in China when Hongwu came to power and restored Chinese rule.

answer

Expert scholars into highest gov't positions, generous state funding supporting imperial academies and regional colleges restored, exam system back & greatly expanded, exams much harder so only 50% of bureaucrats got in by exam, abolished position of chief minister, those powers given to emperor instead

question

What happened to bureaucrats found guilty of corruption or incompetence?

answer

Public beatings or spankings

question

What measures were introduced by Hongwu to cut down on court factionalism?

answer

Emperor's wives from humble family origins, end power plays of consorts, no more eunuchs occupying positions of independent power, limit # of eunuchs to prevent plots against ruler and fights over succession, exile all potential rivals, rivals no involve in political affairs, thought control

question

Describe how Hongwu tried to help the peasants.

answer

Promoted public work projects, unoccupied lands become tax-exempt land of one who clears/cultivates it, lowered forced labor demands, promote silk & cotton cloth production etc. as supplemental income

question

What special privileges did gentry households have?

answer

Exempted from land taxes, carried around in chair, use fans & umbrellas

question

Explain how Confucianism was still reflected in Ming society.

answer

Continued subordination youth to elders, women to men

question

Describe the social conditions for women in the Ming era.

answer

Normal women went underground to secretly pursue own careers or lessen subordination, had to get as much status and respect w/in family as can, succeed if have boys; in court, rulers advised by fave wives, moms, and aunts; upper class girls taught to read and write, write poems, play instruments, but not allowed to take exam; most worked in fields, but for more independence, some were courtesans and entertainers but apart from prostitutes

question

Explain why intro of maize, sweet potatoes, and peanuts important

answer

Grown on inferior soils w/out irrigation, survive drought

question

What two ports in China were open to European traders?

answer

Macao and Canton

question

Why did Chinese merchants not get the benefit of all their profits?

answer

Used for taxes, bribes to scholars for favors, land investments

question

Describe advances the Ming made in fine arts

answer

Busier, more colorful, some monochromatic; portrait scenes of court, city, country life; nature; full development of Chinese novel

question

Describe Zheng He's fleets

answer

62 fleets carry 2800 sailors, merchants, and soldiers; >=400 ft long, displaced 1500 tons of water

question

Why did the Chinese overseas expeditions end?

answer

Expensive, Mongols were getting restless beyond Great Wall, defend not explore!

question

How successful were Christian missionaries in China?

answer

Somewhat at first but later not b/c limited contacts w/ imperial family and hostile to them b/c embarrassed when Jesuits fixed faulty calendars, greatly harassed, later emperors allowed to stay b/c fascinated

question

Why was the Chinese court interested in the Christian missionaries?

answer

Very learned, more technologically advanced

question

What nomadic group seized control of China in the 1640's?

answer

Manchu nomads

question

What was the political situation like in Japan in the early 16th century?

answer

Daimyo stalemate, recurring civil war

question

What three Japanese military leaders helped unite the Japanese in the 16th century?

answer

Nobunaga, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, Tokugawa Ieyasu

question

What had the Japanese received from the Europeans that will change the nature of warfare?

answer

European firearms

question

What items were transported to Japan by the Europeans?

answer

Printing presses, clocks

question

Why had the Christian missionaries in Japan found support from Nobunaga?

answer

B/c Nobunaga thought it would be counterforce against militant Buddhist orders resisting his rise to power

question

How successful were the Christians in making converts in Japanese society initially?

answer

Overall, pretty good.

question

What happened to Christian missionaries in Japan eventually?

answer

Ordered to leave islands by Hideyoshi, persecuted, banned faith

question

Why did the Japanese choose to isolate?

answer

Persecution of Christians → want to isolate from outside influences

question

What policies were introduced to bring about Japanese isolation?

answer

→ want to isolate from outside influences What policies were introduced to bring about Japanese isolation? Forbidden to trade or sail overseas 1630s, limited # Dutch and Chinese ships allowed to come 1640s, some nations excluded (Spain) or not worth risk (English), W books banned, foreigners allowed to live and travel only in very limited areas

question

What port area was left open to the Dutch?

answer

Deshima

question

Why, though isolated, did the Japanese later in the 1850's have a better understanding of the West than the Chinese had?

answer

After realizing that they being indifferent like the Chinese got them nowhere out of wars with Europe, they followed policy of concession and evasion in the face of a Western challenge. Then they concentrated on building up strength by adopting European innovations they had monitored through Dutch contacts at Deshima.

question

Asian sea trading network:

answer

Divided, from West to East, into three zones prior to the European arrival: an Arab zone based on glass, carpets, and tapestries; an Indian zone, with cotton textiles; and a Chinese zone, with paper, porcelain, and silks.

question

Goa

answer

Indian city developed by the Portuguese as a major Indian Ocean base; developed an important Indo-European population.

question

Ormuz

answer

Portuguese establishment at the southern end of the Persian Gulf; a major trading base.

question

Malacca

answer

City on the tip of the Malayan peninsula; a center for trade to the southeastern Asian islands; became a major Portuguese trading base.

question

Batavia

answer

Dutch establishment on Java; created in 1620.

question

Treaty of Gijanti (1757

answer

Reduced the remaining independent Javanese princes to vassals of the Dutch East India Company; allowed the Dutch to monopolize Java's coffee production.

question

Luzon

answer

Northern island of the Philippines; conquered by Spain during the 1560s; site of a major Catholic missionary effort.

question

Mindanao

answer

Southern island of the Philippines; a Muslim area able to successfully resist Spanish conquest.

question

Francis Xavier

answer

Franciscan missionary who worked in India during the 1540s among outcast and lower-caste groups; later worked in Japan.

question

Robert Di Nobli

answer

Italian Jesuit active in India during the early 1600s; failed in a policy of first converting indigenous elites.

question

Hongwu

answer

First Ming emperor (1368-1403); drove out the Mongols and restored the position of the scholar-gentry.

question

Macao and Canton

answer

The only two ports in Ming China where Europeans were allowed to trade.

question

The Water Margin, Monkey, and The Golden Lotus

answer

Novels written during the Ming period; recognized as classics and established standards for Chinese prose literature.

question

Zhenghe

answer

Chinese admiral who led seven overseas trade expeditions under Ming emperor Yunglo between 1405 and 1423; demonstrated that the Chinese were capable of major ocean exploration

question

Matteo Ricci and Adam Schall

answer

Jesuit scholars at the Ming court; also skilled scientists; won few converts to Christianity.

question

Chongzhen

answer

Last of the Ming rulers; committed suicide in 1644 as rebels invaded the Forbidden City of Beijing.

question

Manchu

answer

Zhurchen people from region to the northeast of the Chinese empire; seized power and created the Qing dynasty after the collapse of the Ming.

question

Nobunaga

answer

The first Japanese daimyo to make extensive use of firearms; in 1573 deposed the last Ashikaga shogun; unified much of central Honshu; died in 1582.

question

Toyotomo (as earlier) Hideyoshi

answer

General under Nobunaga; succeeded as a leading military power in central Japan; continued efforts to break power of the daimyos; became military master of Japan in 1590; died 1598.

question

Tokugawa Ieyasu

answer

Vassal of Toyotomo Hideyoshi; succeeded him as the most powerful military figure in Japan; granted title of shogun in 1603 and established the Tokugawa shogunate; established political unity in Japan.

question

Edo

answer

Tokugawa capital, modern-day Tokyo; center of Tokugawa shogunate.

question

Deshima

answer

Island port in Nagasaki Bay; the only port open to foreigners, the Dutch, after the 1640s.

question

School of National Learning:

answer

18th-century ideology that emphasized Japan's unique historical experience and the revival of indigenous culture at the expense of Confucianism and other Chinese influences.

question

Caravels

answer

Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable and able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia.

question

Mercantilism

answer

Economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th and 18th centuries in Europe.

question

Dutch trading empire

answer

The Dutch system extending into Asia with fortified towns and factories, warships on patrol, and monopoly control of a limited number of products.

question

Friars

answer

Members of Roman Catholic religious orders.

Ch 22 Asian Trade Network – Flashcards

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