Ch 18-Collective action and change – Flashcards
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action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation
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collective action
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collective action takes place when members of a group are face-to-face
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crowd
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collective action in which close physical proximity is not necessary such as a letter writing campaign
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mass
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According to ____ theory, collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place. This theory does not explain the inconsistency of group action—why collective action sometimes happens under such circumstances and other times does not
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convergence
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According to _____ theory, collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others. This theory downplays individual agency and does not explain the inconsistency of group action
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contagion
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____ theory emphasizes the influence of leaders in promoting particular norms that members of a group then follow. This theory doesn't explain why particular people become leaders or why some actions emerge as norms within a group and others don't
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Emergent norm
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aspect of your identity (such as race) that doesn't change and that determines at least one group to which you belong
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static identity
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aspect of your identity that is more fluid (such as working as a lifeguard for one summer) and that is determined by a group to which you belong
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dynamic identity
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collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized but not ritualized
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social movement
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social movements seek limited social change and tend to be focused on a narrow group of people
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alternative
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social movements are also focused on a narrow group of people, but they advocate for more radical change
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redemptive
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social movements advocate for limited social change but seek to affect that change across an entire society
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reformative
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social movements seek to make radical change across an entire society
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revolutionary
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The ____ model of social movements proposes that social movements come about as a collective response to structural weaknesses in society that have a psychological effect on individuals
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classical
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theory recognizes the importance of political context and goals in the development of social movements but also emphasizes that social movements are unlikely to emerge without the necessary resources
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resource-mobilization
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The ____ model of social movements proposes that a social movement's chances of developing are heavily influenced by three sets of conditions—expanding political opportunities, indigenous organizational strength, and certain shared cognitions among the movement's proponents
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political process
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The first stage of a social movement: the social problem being addressed is first identified
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emergence
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The second stage of a social movement: resources are mobilized and concrete action is taken to address the problem
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coalescence
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The third stage of a social movement: a formal structure develops to promote the cause
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routinization
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group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement
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social movement organization
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type of SMO that has full-time leadership and a large membership base that plays a minor role in the organization
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professional movement organization
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type of SMO that directly involves its rank-and-file members in decisions and activities to support the organization's cause
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participatory movement organization
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participatory movement organizations that advocate for social change through protest and demonstration
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mass protest organization
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participatory movement organizations that work through existing political structures to promote social change
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grassroots organization
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social organization characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation, a low degree of division of labor, relatively undeveloped technology, and traditional social norms
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premodernity
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social organization characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity in which individuals are defined by overlapping group affiliations
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modernity
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reaction against modernity. It is characterized by a questioning of the notions of progress and history; it rejects the idea of a single narrative and embraces multiculturalism; and it perceives the individual as having multiple, conflicting identities
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postmodernity
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According to Georg Simmel, _______ societies are characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation
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premodern
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What are the two factors that are used to distinguish between different types of social movements?
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whose behavior they seek to change and whether the change is limited or radical
