Ch 17 AP Euro Review – Marsh – Flashcards

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The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was
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Fontenelle.
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Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended
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the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.
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Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as
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"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."
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European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of
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secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.
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The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they
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popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.
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A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of
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James Cook.
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Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with
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a blank slate.
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The French philosophes
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were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.
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Isaac Newton and John Locke
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provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.
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The French philosophes mostly included people from
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the nobility and the middle class.
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In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where
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power is divided between the three branches of government.
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The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was
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Paris.
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A key type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was
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travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.
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The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was
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Francois Quesnay.
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Voltaire was best known for his criticism of
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religious intolerance.
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An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was
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the Marquise du Chatelet.
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Deism is the belief that
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God created the universe but does not actively run it.
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The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to
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change the general way of thinking.
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The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to
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the social sciences.
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Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his
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28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.
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Adam Smith believed that government
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should not interfere in people's economic decisions.
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The author of The Progress of the Human mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was
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Condorcet.
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Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Montesquieu's Persian Letters
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was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.
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For Rousseau, the "general will" was
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a social consensus to which the individual must bow.
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For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?
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private property
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Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes:
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proper child rearing and human education.
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Salons were
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literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.
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The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by
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Mary Wollstonecraft.
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The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was
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evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.
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Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work.
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Antoine Watteau - Reture from Cythera
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Johann Sebastian Bach
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produced religious music as a way to worship God.
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European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by
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Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy to Germany to the Austrian Empire.
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Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro?
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Mozart
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Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:
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novels.
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The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was
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Mary Astell.
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The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was
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Antoine Watteau.
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The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of
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magazines for the general public.
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High culture in the eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the
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enormous impact of the publishing industry.
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The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is
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Handel's Messiah.
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A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with
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Beccaria.
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Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century
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corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.
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The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often
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public and very gruesome.
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Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to
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Lent.
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A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was
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gin.
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Pogroms were
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instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.
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In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,
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still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.
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The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe
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won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781.
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The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was
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Methodism.
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In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?
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England and Germany
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