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The scientist-philosopher who provides a link between the scientists of the 17th century and the philosophes of the next was

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Fontenelle.

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Enlightened thinkers can be understood as secularists because they strongly recommended

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the application of the scientific method to the analysis and understanding of all aspects of human life.

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Immanuel Kant, a German philosopher, defined the Enlightenment as

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"man's leaving his self-caused immaturity."

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European intellectual life in the eighteenth century was marked by the emergence of

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secularization and a search to find the natural laws governing human life.

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The works of Fontenelle announce the Enlightenment because they

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popularize a growing skepticism toward the claims of religion.

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A major inspiration for travel literature in the eighteenth century were the Pacific Ocean adventures of

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James Cook.

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Denying Descartes' belief in innate ideas, John Locke argued that every person was born with

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a blank slate.

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The French philosophes

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were literate intellectuals who meant to change the world through reason and rationality.

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Isaac Newton and John Locke

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provided inspiration for the Enlightenment by arguing that through rational reasoning and the acquisition of knowledge one could discover natural laws governing all aspects of human society.

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The French philosophes mostly included people from

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the nobility and the middle class.

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In The Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu argued that the best political system in a modern society is one where

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power is divided between the three branches of government.

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The recognized capital of the Enlightenment was

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Paris.

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A key type of enlightened writing fueling skepticism about the "truths" of Christianity and European society was

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travel reports and comparative studies of old and new world cultures.

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The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was

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Francois Quesnay.

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Voltaire was best known for his criticism of

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religious intolerance.

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An early female philosophe who published a translation of Newton's Principia and who was the mistress of Voltaire was

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the Marquise du Chatelet.

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Deism is the belief that

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God created the universe but does not actively run it.

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The purpose of Diderot's encyclopedia, according to him, was to

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change the general way of thinking.

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The belief in natural laws underlying all areas of human life led to

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the social sciences.

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Diderot's most famous contribution to the Enlightenment's battle against religious fanaticism, intolerance, and prudery was his

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28-volume Encyclopedia compiling articles by many influential philosophes.

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Adam Smith believed that government

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should not interfere in people's economic decisions.

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The author of The Progress of the Human mind and who became a victim of the French Revolution was

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Condorcet.

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Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau

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Montesquieu's Persian Letters

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was a method that allowed him to criticize the Catholic Church and the French monarchy.

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For Rousseau, the "general will" was

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a social consensus to which the individual must bow.

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For Rousseau, what was the source of inequality and the chief cause of crimes?

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private property

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Rousseau's influential novel, Emile, deals with these key Enlightenment themes:

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proper child rearing and human education.

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Salons were

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literary-minded gatherings where advanced ideas were discussed.

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The strongest statement and vindication of women's rights during the Enlightenment was made by

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Mary Wollstonecraft.

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The Rococo artistic style of the eighteenth century was

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evident in the masterpieces of Balthasar Neumann.

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Choose the correct relationship between the Rococo artist and his work.

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Antoine Watteau - Reture from Cythera

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Johann Sebastian Bach

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produced religious music as a way to worship God.

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European music in the later eighteenth century was well characterized by

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Haydn and Mozart, who shifted the musical center from Italy to Germany to the Austrian Empire.

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Which eighteenth-century composer was considered most innovative and wrote the opera, The Marriage of Figaro?

answer

Mozart

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Eighteenth-century writers, especially in England, used this new form of literary expression to attack the hypocrisies of the era and provide sentimental entertainment to growing numbers of readers:

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novels.

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The English writer who argued in A Serious Proposal to the Ladies that women should become better educated was

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Mary Astell.

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The French Rococo painter who portrayed the aristocratic life as refined, sensual, and civilized was

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Antoine Watteau.

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The growth of reading and publishing in the 18th century was aided and characterized by the development of

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magazines for the general public.

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High culture in the eighteenth-century Europe was characterized by the

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enormous impact of the publishing industry.

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The eighteenth century musical composition that has been called one of those rare works that appeal immediately to everyone, and yet is indisputably a masterpiece of the highest order is

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Handel's Messiah.

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A less brutal approach to justice and punishment in the eighteenth century is associated with

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Beccaria.

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Concerning the European legal system, by the end of the eighteenth century

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corporal and capital punishment were on the decline.

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The punishment of crime in the eighteenth century was often

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public and very gruesome.

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Carnival was celebrated in the weeks leading up to

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Lent.

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A cheap and popular alcoholic drink in eighteenth century England was

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gin.

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Pogroms were

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instances of massacring and looting of Jewish communities.

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In eighteenth-century Europe, churches, both Catholic and Protestant,

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still played a major role in social and spiritual areas.

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The Jews of eighteenth-century Europe

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won the right to publicly practice of their religion in Austria with Joseph II's Toleration Patent of 1781.

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The religious denomination founded by John Wesley in England to provide a more emotionally fulfilling religious alternative to the Church of England was

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Methodism.

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In reaction to significant elements of rationalism and deism, in what two countries did some ordinary Protestant churchgoers chose new religious movements?

answer

England and Germany

Ch 17 AP Euro Review – Marsh – Flashcards

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