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Which branch of psychology is most directly concerned with the study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another?

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social psychology

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Attribution theory was designed to account for

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how people explain others' behavior

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Ksana insists that her boyfriend's car accident resulted from his carelessness. Her explanation for the accident provides an example of

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a dispositional attribution

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The fundamental attribution error is illustrated in our tendency to underestimate the extent to which others' behavior is influenced by

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assigned roles

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Attitudes are ________ that guide behavior

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belief-based feelings

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Politicians who publicly oppose a tax increase that they privately favor best illustrate that

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actions may sometimes be inconsistent with attitudes

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The impact of our actions on our attitudes is best illustrated by the

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foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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After they had first agreed to display a 3-inch "Be a Safe Driver" sign, California home owners were highly likely to permit the installation of a very large and unattractive "Drive Carefully" sign in their front yards. This best illustrates

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the foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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The set of prescribed behaviors associated with a particular social position is best described as a(n)

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role

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Philip Zimbardo devised a simulated prison and randomly assigned college students to serve as prisoners or guards. This experiment best illustrated the impact of

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role-playing on attitudes

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The discomfort we feel when two thoughts are inconsistent is called

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cognitive dissonance

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Unconsciously mimicking those around us is known as

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the chameleon effect

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We tend to feel cheerful around happy people and sad around depressed people. This illustrates

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mood linkage

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Adjusting one's behavior or thinking toward a group standard is called

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conformity

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Research participants believed that the Asch conformity test involved a study of

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visual perception

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Alex thinks smoking is addictive but other players on his hockey team insist that it's not. Alex is likely to conform to their opinion if

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he feels insecure in his role as a new member of the team

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After hearing respected medical authorities lecture about the value of regular exercise, Raul, who has rarely exercised, begins to jog regularly. The change in Raul's behavior best illustrates the impact of

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informational social influence

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A culture that promotes individualism is most likely to encourage

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nonconformity

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Participants in the Milgram obedience studies were ordered to

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deliver electric shocks to a learner for giving incorrect answers

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Most people are likely to be surprised by the results of Milgram's initial obedience experiment because

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the "teachers" were more obedient than most people would have predicted

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The Milgram obedience experiments were controversial because the

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"teachers" were deceived and frequently subjected to stress

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According to Milgram, the most fundamental lesson to be learned from his study of obedience is that

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even ordinary people, who are not usually hostile, can become agents of destruction

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Social facilitation refers to the tendency to

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perform well-learned tasks more effectively in the presence of others

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Expert pool players were observed to make 71 percent of their shots when alone. When four people watched them, they made 80 percent of their shots. This best illustrates

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social facilitation.

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Social loafing refers to the tendency for people to

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exert less effort when they are pooling their efforts toward a common goal

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University students were observed to pull harder on a rope when they thought they were pulling alone than when they thought three others were pulling with them on the same rope. This best illustrates

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social loafing

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Deindividuation refers to

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a loss of self-awareness and self-restraint in group situations that foster arousal and anonymity

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The enhancement of a group's prevailing inclinations through group discussion is called

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group polarization

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Nora, Ko, Ian, and May each think that Ms. Akey may be a slightly better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. After discussing why each of them believes this to be so, they all conclude that Ms. Akey is definitely a much better teacher than Mr. Schwenke. This episode provides an example of

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group polarization

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A business leader who welcomes a variety of opinions from subordinates and invites experts' critiques of her company's developing plans is most likely to inhibit

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groupthink

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Prejudice is best defined as

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an unjustifiable attitude toward a group and its members

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Overgeneralized beliefs about a group of people that often underlie prejudicial emotions are called

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stereotypes

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Studies of implicit attitudes indicate that prejudice is often

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a response to frustration

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Prejudice can be not only subtle but also automatic and unconscious. This is best illustrated in studies of

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implicit attitudes

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Prejudice is most likely to develop as a way of justifying

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social inequalities

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Most children believe their school is better than the other schools in town. This best illustrates

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ingroup bias

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Montel, a White university student, is on academic probation for poor grades. Ever since he received notice of his probation, Montel has become increasingly hostile toward racial minority students and staff on campus. His increasing hostility can best be explained in terms of

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the scapegoat theory

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In laboratory experiments, merely observing someone receive painful electric shocks leads viewers to think less of the victim. This reaction is best explained in terms of

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the just-world phenomenon

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Comparisons of identical and fraternal twins highlight the impact of ________ on aggression

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genetic influences

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After Manny's father refused to let him use the family car on Friday night, Manny let all the air out of the tires. His action is best explained in terms of the

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frustration-aggression principle

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Ostracism has been observed to intensify

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aggression

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Aggression-replacement programs are most likely to advise parents to avoid

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modeling violence

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In contrast to watching violence on television, participating in violent video games involves

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role-playing aggression

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The mere exposure effect refers to the fact that people

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experience increasing attraction to novel stimuli that become more familiar

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After three months of riding the 8:30 bus to work, Cindy has actually started to feel affection for the gruff and scowling old bus driver. Cindy's reaction best illustrates

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the mere exposure effect

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People's physical attractiveness is unrelated to their

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level of earned income

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In an experiment by Dutton and Aron, one group of men were asked by an attractive woman to complete a short questionnaire immediately after they had crossed a swaying footbridge suspended 230 feet above the Capilano River. This experiment was designed to study the factors that contribute to

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passionate love

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The affectionate attachment that keeps a relationship going after passionate feelings cool is known as

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companionate love

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Sharing household chores ranks high on a list of things people associate with successful marriages. This best illustrates the perceived value of

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equity

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Natasha and Dimitri have a fulfilling marital relationship because they readily confide their deepest hopes and fears to each other. This best illustrates the value of

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self-disclosure

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The tragic murder of Kitty Genovese outside her New York apartment stimulated social-psychological research on

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altruism

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When 12-year-old Jamilah saw an old man lying on the sidewalk, he prepared to offer help. But when he noticed several adults walk past the man, he concluded that the man did not need any help. His reaction most clearly illustrates one of the dynamics involved in

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the bystander effect

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An expectation that people will help those who depend on them is known as the

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social-responsibility norm

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Two conflicting groups who share the same negative views of one another demonstrate

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mirror-image perceptions

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An increase in ________ has been followed by more positive attitudes between South African Whites and Blacks

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interracial contact

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Sherif planned a disruption of the water supply in a Boy Scout camp in order to observe how social relationships are influenced by

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superordinate goals

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Pablo and Sabina argued bitterly about which of them should have use of the family car that night. Neither realized, however, that Sabina needed the car only in the early evening and that Pablo needed it only in the late evening. Pablo and Sabina's failure to resolve their argument for their mutual benefit illustrates a failure to develop

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a win-win solution

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Marilyn judges her professor's strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his overcontrolling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates

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the fundamental attribution error

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Bart complied with his friends' request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart's experience best illustrates the

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foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of

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role-playing on attitude change

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In making wedding preparations, Jason conforms to the expectations of his future bride's family simply to win their favor. His behavior illustrates the importance of

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normative social influence

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Participants in Milgram's obedience experiments were informed that they were involved in a study of

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learning

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Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates

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social facilitation

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When a group of racially prejudiced high school students discussed racial issues, their attitudes became even more prejudiced. This best illustrates

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group polarization

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Kelly, a Republican, and Carlos, a Democrat, both believe that members of their own political party are more fair-minded and trustworthy than members of other parties. Their beliefs best illustrate

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ingroup bias

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When visiting the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp shortly after World War II, one German civilian was said to have remarked, "What terrible criminals these prisoners must have been to receive such treatment." This reaction is best explained in terms of

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the just-world phenomenon

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After extensive exposure to X-rated sexual films, men are subsequently ________ accepting of women's sexual submission to men and _______ likely to perceive a woman's friendliness as sexual interest

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more; more

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When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference best illustrates the importance of

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the mere exposure effect

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Which theory best explains why the excitement that lingers after a frightening event can facilitate passionate love?

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the two-factor theory

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Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in

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the bystander effect

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Max fails to recycle his glass, metal, and plastic garbage because he thinks it's personally inconvenient and likely to have minimal impact on the city's already overflowing landfills. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics of

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a social trap

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The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their river flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of

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superordinate goals

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The fundamental attribution error involves

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underestimating situational constraints on another's behavior

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Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student's abilities?

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cognitive dissonance theory

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Research participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated

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the chameleon effect

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Using the Asch procedure, conformity to group judgments would be LEAST likely when

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participants are not observed by other group members when giving their answers

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In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought

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no others were pulling with them

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Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda's unusual behavior is best understood in terms of

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deindividuation

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Groupthink is fueled by a desire for

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harmony

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Evidence that people exhibit heightened levels of prejudice when they are economically frustrated offers support for

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the scapegoat theory

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Shortly after Alex learned that he had failed to make the high school football team, he vandalized the team's locker room and broke several classroom windows. His behavior is best explained in terms of

answer

the frustration-aggression principle

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People's physical attractiveness is a good predictor of their

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frequency of dating

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Although Natalie receives somewhat greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of

answer

equity

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When Hutu militia began to slaughter the Tutsi in 1994, missionary Carl Wilkens risked his own life to save the lives of others. His actions best illustrated

answer

altruism

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After Mrs. Chanski and her children had helped themselves to free samples of the cookies being promoted in the grocery store, she felt obligated to buy some, even though they seemed unreasonably expensive. Her reaction best illustrates the significance of

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the reciprocity norm

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Although the leaders of two enemy nations admit to a buildup of their own military forces, each sees the other country's actions as unreasonable and motivated by evil intentions. This situation best illustrates

answer

mirror-image perceptions

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Initiating one or more small conciliatory acts is a central feature of

answer

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Ch. 16 Psychology – Flashcards

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