Ch. 16: Oncology & Cancer Terms – Flashcards
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Ablat/o
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To take away
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Cry/o
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Cold
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Cyt/o
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Cell
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Kary/o
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Nucleus
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Lapar/o
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Abdomen
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Lei/o
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Smooth
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Leuk/o
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White
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Onc/o
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Tumor
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Path/o
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Disease
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Plas/o
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Growth, formation
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Radi/o
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X-rays, radiation
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Rhabd/o
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Striated muscle
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Sarc/o
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Connective tissue, flesh
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Squam/o
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Scale-like structure
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Dys-
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Painful, difficult, abnormal
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Mal-
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Bad, poor
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Meta-
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Change, beyond
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New-
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New
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Para-
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Beside
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Trans-
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Across, through
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-gen
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Origin, production
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-genic
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Originating, producing
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-oma
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Tumor
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-opsy
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Process of viewing
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Dysplasia
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Abnormal growth of tissue
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In situ
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In original place or site without any expansion or spread
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Invasion
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Direct migration & penetration by cancerous cells into neighboring tissues
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Lesion
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Pathologic change in tissue resulting from disease or injury
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Malignant
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Having properties of locally invasive & destructive growth & metastasis
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Metastasis
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Spread of disease process from one part of body to another
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Oncogenes
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Mutate forms of genes that cause normal cells to grow out of control & become cancer cells
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Oncogenic
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Causing or being suitable for the development of a tumor
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Recurrence
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Return of cancer after all visible signs of it had been eradicated previously
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Remission
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Lessening in severity of disease symptoms, period of time when cancer is responding to treatment or is under control
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Adenocarcinoma
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Malignant neoplasm composed of glandular tissue
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Adenoma
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Benign neoplasm composed of glandular tissue
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Carcinoma
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Malignant neoplasm of any epithelial tissue
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Fibroma
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Benign neoplasm of fibrous connective tissue
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Fibrosarcoma
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Malignant neoplasm of deep fibrous tissue
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Lipoma
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Benign neoplasm of adipose tissue
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Lipsarcoma
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Malignant neoplasm of adipose tissue
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Malignant neoplasm
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Tumor that invades surrounding tissue & is usually capable of metastasizing, can be located in any organ or tissue in body
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Melanoma
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Tumor characterized by dark appearance, most commonly occurs in skin or eye
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Neoplasm (Tumor)
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Abnormal growth of new tissue into mass, can be benign or malignant
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Neuroma
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Tumor derived from nervous tissue
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Myeloma
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Tumor composed of cells derived from bone marrow
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Sarcoma
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Malignant neoplasm of connective tissue
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Basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
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Cancer begins in lowest layer of epidermis of skin
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Kaposi sarcoma
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Type of cancer found in tissue under the skin or mucous membranes that line the mouth, nose & anus, most commonly seen in patients with AIDS
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Melanoma of the skin
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Malignant skin cancer that arises from melanocytes in epidermis, usually caused by exposure to ultraviolet radiation
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Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
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Cancer begins in squamous cells located in upper levels of epidermis of the skin
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Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
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Very rare cancer affecting digestive tract or nearby structures within the abdomen
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Malignant neoplasm of bladder
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Cancerous tumor of the bladder
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Nerphroma
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Tumor of kidney
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Urothelial carcinoma (Transitional cell carcinoma)
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Cancer arising in urothelium lining of urinary tract
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Wilms turor
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Rare type of kidney cancer that affects children
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Hadgkin disease
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Abnormal malignant enlargement of lymph nodes, spleen & liver, indicated by presence of Reed-Sternberg cells
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Leukemia
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Cancer of the blood indicated by malignant increase in number of WBC
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Lymphangioma
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Mass of tumor of lymph vessels
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Lymphoma
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Tumor of lymphoid tissue, including lymphocytes & plasma cells
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Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)
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Lymphoma other than Hodgkin disease
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Bronchogenic carcinoma
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Carcinoma that arises from mucosa of large bronchi
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Mesothelioma
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Carcinoma of mesothelium lining of lungs/heart, usually associated with exposure to asbestos dust
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Oat cell carcinoma
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Highly malignant form of lung/bronchogenic cancer in which cells appear small & rounded under microscope
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Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
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Breast cancer that is confined to ducts & has not spread into tissue of breast
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Germ cell tumor
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Caner that begins in egg-producing cells of ovaries
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Stromal cell tumor
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Cancer that begins in cells of ligaments of the ovaries
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Astrocytoma
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A tumor that arises from small, star-shaped cells in brain & spinal cord
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Glioma
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Cancer that arises from glial cells of nervous system
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Medulloblastoma
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Cancer that develops from primitive nerve cells in cerebellum
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Meningioma
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Benign & slow-growing tumor of the meninges
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Neuroblastoma
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Cancer of nervous system
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Glomus tumor
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Benign but locally invasive tumor arising out of glomus tissue found in middle ear, jugular bulb & carotid artery
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Intraocular melanoma
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Malignant cancer that forms in tissues of eye
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Retinoblastoma
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Malignant ocular tumor of retinal cells
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Chondroma
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Common benign tumor arising from cartilage cells
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Chondrosarcoma
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Large malignant tumor arising from cartilage cells
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Ewing tumor/sarcoma
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Malignant tumor found in bone or soft tissue
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Giant cell tumor
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Tumor of tendon sheath that can be either benign or malignant
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Leiomyoma
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Benign tumor of smooth muscle
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Leiomyosarcoma
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Malignant tumor of smooth muscle
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Liposarcoma
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Malignant tumor of adipose tissue, occurs tin retroperioneal tissues & thigh
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Osteofibroma
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Benign lesion of bone consisting chiefly of fairly dense, moderately cellular, fibrous connective tissue
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Osteosarcoma
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Fast-growing malignant type of bone cancer that develops in osteoblast cells that form outer covering bone
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Rhabdomyoma
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Benign tumor of striated muscle
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
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Highly malignant tumor of striated muscle
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Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
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Group of disorders characterized by function in tumor in more than one endocrine gland
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Pheochromocytoma
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Vascular tumor of adrenal gland
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Pituitary adenoma
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Vascular tumor of adrenal gland
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Alpha fetoprotein (AFP)
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Blood test for substance produced by tumor cells in body, found in elevated levelsin patients with ovarian cancer
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Estrogen receptors
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Blood test for type of protein present on some breast cancer cells to which estrogen attaches
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) test
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Blood test for substance that, in elevated levels, may indicate cancer in testies, ovary, liver, stomach, pancreas or lung
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Papanicolaou (Pap) test
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Microscopic examination of cells collected from vagina & cervix to detect abnormal changes
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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
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Blood test for substance produced only by prostate, elevated levels may indicate prostate cancer in its early stages
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Tumor marker test
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various blood tests for specific substances produced by certain types of tumors
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Biopsy
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Process of removing tissue from living patients for diagnostic examination
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Fine needle aspiration (FNA)
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Procedure of withdrawing cells from lesion for examination with fine needle on syringe
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Radionuclide scan
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Imaging scan in which a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into vwin, machine measures levels of radioactivity in certain organs, which may indicate abnormal areas or tumors
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Sentinel lymph node biopsy
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Removal & examination of sentinel nodes, which are the first lymph nodes to which cancer cells are likely to spread from primary tumor
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Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) scan
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Type of nuclear imaging test that shows how blood flows to tissues & organs, can help identify certain types of tumors
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Punch biopsy
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Removal of small oval core of skin for laboratory analysis using sharp, hollow instrument
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Shave biopsy
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Removal of sample of skin for laboratory analysis using a scalpel to slice the specimen from site
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Cholescintigraphy (hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan-HIDA)
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Imaging test used to examine function of liver, gallbladder & bile ducts
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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)
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Procedure using x-ray & injectable dye to examine disorders in bile ducts, gallbladder & pancreas
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Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)
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Procedure using ultrasound imaging device on tip of endoscope for evaluation of bowel wall & adjacent structures
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Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP)
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Procedure using magnetic resonance imaging & an injectable dye to examin problems in bile ducts, gallbladder & pancreas
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Lymph node biopsy
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Removal of lymph node tissue for pathologic evaluation
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Bone marrow aspiration
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Removal of small amount of fluid & cells from inside bone with needle & syringe
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Lumbar puncture (LP)
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Process of inserting needle into subarachnoid space of lumbar spine to obtain cerebrospinal fluid for analysis, used to determine if leukemic cells are present
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Throacoscopy (Pleuroscopy)
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Endoscopic examination of thorax made through small opening in chest wall
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Prostate biopsy
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Procedure in which tissue sam[les are removed form body for examination under microscope to determine whether cancerous or other abnormal cells are present
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Transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)
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Ultrasound imaging of prostate done through the rectum, used to diagnose prostate cancer
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Cervical conization (cone biopsy)
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Biopsy of cervix in which cone-shaped sample of tissue is removed from cervix
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Colposcopy
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Visual examination of tissue of the cervix & vagina using lighted microscope to identify abnormal cell growth & remove tissue sample for biopsy
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Endometrial biopsy
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Procedure whereby sample of endometrium of uterus is removed from body & examined under microscope, used to check for uterine cancer
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Mammography
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An x-ray examination of breasts. Used to detect breast tumors
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Brachytherapy (seed implantation)
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Procedure by which radioactive "seeds" are placed inside cancerous tissue & positioned to kill nearby cancer cells
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Cryosurgery
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Use of freezing temperatures to destroy tissue
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Debulking surgery
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Excision of major part of tumor that cannot be completely removed
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Radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
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Procedure in which surgical oncologist uses small probe to deliver heat from radio frequency energy to kill cancerous tissue, used primarily to treat liver, prostate, renal bone & breast cancer
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Palliative surgery
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Surgery that is performed to relieve pain or other symptoms but not to cure cancer or prolong patient's life
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Reconstructive surgery
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Surgery performed to return function & appearance to specific area of body after removal of tumor
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Mohs surgery
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Surgical procedure involves removing & examining piece of tumor in skin bit by bit until entire lesion is removed
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Colectomy
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Excision of all or part of colon
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Esophagectomy
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Excision of diseased portion of esophagus & all associated tissues that might contain cancer
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Gastrectomy (Billroth operation 1 & 2)
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Excision of part or all of stomach
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Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple operation)
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Partial excision of stomach, complete excision of gallbladder, portion of bile duct, head of pancreas, portions of small intestine & regional lymph nodes to stop spread of cancer in these areas
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Cystectomy
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Surgical removal of part of all of bladder
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Fulguration
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Destruction of tissue by means of high-frequency electric current, commonly used to remove tumors from inside bladder
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Nephrectomy
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Excision of kidney
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Transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURB)
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Excision of tumor from bladder through urethra using resectoscope
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Lymphadenectomy
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Excision of lymph node
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Bone marrow transplant (BMT)
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Transfer of bone marrow from one person to another
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Peripheral stem cell transplant
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Collection & freezing of stem cells from blood, which are then reintroduced into patient after chemotherapy
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Lobectomy
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Excision of lobe of lung
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Pneumonectomy
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Excision of lung
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Wedge resection
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Excision of part of lobe of lung
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Prostatectomy (transurethral resection of prostate-TURP)
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Removal of prostate tissue through urethra using resectoscope
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Loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP)
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Gynecologic procedure that uses thin, low-voltage electrified wire loop to cut out cancerous tissue in cervix
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Mastectomy
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Excision of breast to remove malignant tumor
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Modified radical mastectomy
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Excision of breast along with some of the underlying muscle & lymph nodes in adjacent armpit
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Radical mastectomy
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Excision of breast as well as underlying muscles & lymph nodes in adjacent armpit
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Simple mastectomy
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Excision of a breast, leaving underlying muscles & lymph nodes intact
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Myomectomy
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Excision of myomas
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Craniectomy
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Excision of part of cranium to access brain
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Enucleation
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Removal of an eyeball
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Stereotactic radiosurgery
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Radiation therapy technique for treating brain tumors by aiming high-dose radiation beams directly at tumors
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Iridectomy
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Excision of part of iris (very small melanomas)
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Laryngectomy
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Excision of all or part of larynx, usually to treat cancer of larynx
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Amputation
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Surgical removal of an entire limb
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Limb salvage surgery
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Surgical procedure in which only cancerous section of bone is removed by nearby muscles, tendon & other structures are left intact
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Parathyroidectomy
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Excision of parathyroid gland
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Thyroidectomy
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Excision of thyroid gland
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Transsphenodial resection
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Excision of pituitary adenoma by making excision through nose to bottom of skull where pituitary gland is located
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External beam radiation
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Procedure by which beam of high-energy radiation is applied externally directly to tumor to minimize damage to other tissue
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Radiation therapy
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Use of high energy x-rays or other particles to kill cancer cells
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Aromatase inhibitors
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Group of drugs designed to reduce estrogen levels in woman's body & stop growth of cancer cells that depend on estrogen to live & grow
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Chemoprevention
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Use of natural or synthetic products to keep caner at bay or stop disease process before it becomes invasive
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Chemotherapy
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Regimen of therapy that uses chemicals to treat cancer
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Adjuvant chemotherapy
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Chemotherapy given in addition to surgery, to destroy remaining residual or to reduce risk of recurrence
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Intersititial chemotherapy
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Placement of chemotherapy drugs directly into tumor
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Intrathecal chemotherapy
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Delivery of chemotherapy drugs into spinal canal
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Palliative chemotherapy
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Chemotherapy that is given to relieve pain or other symptoms of cancer by not to cure it
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Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitor therapy
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Drugs that interfere with growth of individual cancer cellsv
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Hormonal therapy
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Use of hormones to stop tumor from growing, to relieve symptoms caused by tumor, or to replace hormone that is needed by body to function properly after body part is removed due to cancer
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Immunotherapy (biologic therapy)
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Method of boosting body's natural defenses to fight cancer by using materials made either by body or in laboratory to bolster, target or restore immune system function
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Gynecologic oncology/ist
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Medical specialty/physician concerned with diagnosis & treatment of cancers of female reproductive system
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Medical oncology/ist
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Medical specialty/physician concerned with use of medical & chemotherapeutic treatments of cancer
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Oncology/ist
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Medical specialty/physician concerned with physical, chemical & biological properties & features of cancers
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Pediatric oncology/ist
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Medical specialty/physician concerned with diagnosis & treatment of childhood cancers & blood diseases
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Radiation oncology/ist
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Radiologic specialty/physician concerned with radiation treatment as main mode of treatment of cancer
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Surgical oncology/ist
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Surgical specialty/physician concerned with surgical aspects of cancer
