Ch.15 – Flashcards

Thinking intensely about themselves and about what others think of them- was first described by David Elkind.adolescents regard themselves as much more unique, special, and admired or disliked than they actually are. Leads edibles cents to interpret everyone else's behavior as if it were a judgment on them. Egocentrism is sometimes blamed for every foolish action an adolescent takes. Egocentrism may be protective when "an individual enters into a new environmental context or dramatically new life situation".

Is the belief that one is unique, destined to have a heroic, fabled, even legendary life.

The idea that death will not occur unless destiny allows it, and therefore fast driving, unprotected sex, or addictive. Drugs will do no harm.

The other people who, in an adolescent's egocentric belief, are watching and taking note of his or her appearance, ideas, and behavior. This belief makes many teenagers very self conscious.

Piaget, as adolescents move past concrete operational thinking and consider abstractions, including "assumptions that have no necessary relation to reality".

Reasoning about if-then propositions that do not reflect reality. Transforms perceptions, but not necessarily for the better.

Reasoning from a general statement, premise, or principle, through logical steps, to figure out (deduce) specifics. Also called top down reasoning.

Or bottom up reasoning, predominates during the school years, as children accumulate facts and experiences (the knowledge base) to aid their thinking.

The belief of people who have spent if money, time, or effort that cannot be recovered (a cost already "sunk") that they must continue to pursue their goal because otherwise all previous effort in reaching that goal will be wasted.

In which people ignore information about the frequency of a phenomenon.

The. Notion that two networks exist within the human brain, one for emotional and one for analytical processing of stimuli.

Begins with a belief, assumption, or general rule (called a heuristic) rather than logic.

Is the formal, logical, hypothetical deductive thinking described by Piaget.

Conducted dozens of studies comparing the thinking of children, young adolescents, and older adolescents. Found that almost every adolescent was analytical and logical on some of the 19 problems but not on others, with some scoring high on the same questions that others scored low on. Concluded that,even though teenagers can use logic, "most adolescents do not demonstrate a level of performance commensurate with their abilities".

Bullying that occurs when one person spreads insults or rumors about another by means of emails, text messages,or cell phone videos. Adolescents most involved in cyberbully are usually already bullies or victims or both, with bully victims the most likely to engage in, suffer from, cyberbullying.

Traditionally grades 7 through 12- denotes the school years after elementary or grade school (known as primary education) and before college or university (known as tertiary education). Adults are healthier and wealthier if they complete primary education, learning to read and write, and then continue on through secondary and tertiary education.

A school for children in the grades between elementary and high school. Middle school usually begins with grade 6 and ends with grade 8.

Believing that ability is innate, a fixed quantity present at birth,then nothing they do can improve their academic skill. Reduces stress, but it also reduces learning.

Believing that intelligence can increase if they try to master whatever they seek to learn, they will pay attention, participate in class, study, complete their homework,and learn. Also called mastery motivation, an example of intrinsic motivation.

An evaluation that is critical in determining success or failure. If a single test determines whether a student will graduate or be promoted, it is a high stakes test.

An international test taken by 15 year olds in 50 nations that is designed to measure problem solving and cognition in daily life.

Characteristics of adolescents thinking that distinguish it from middle childhood.

Petty, peevish, arguing, ongoing and repeated.