ch 14 abnormal psych OSU - Flashcards

question

What percentage of the world population is estimated to have schizophrenia?

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1%

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Psychosis means

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loss of contact with reality.

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The term schizophrenia is derived from the Greek for:

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split mind

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Which of the following is not consistent with the most common pattern of schizophrenia?

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Women develop the disorder earlier and more severely than men.

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Downward drift is best reflected in which of the following statements?

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Schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption

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Schizophrenia is found in all socioeconomic classes. However, it is more likely to be found in someone from a ______ background. lower level

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lower level

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Of the following statements, which best summarizes the clinical picture of schizophrenia in the early twenty-first century?

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Schizophrenic symptoms show a lot of variability, but schizophrenia is diagnosed less vaguely than it used to be

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The film A Beautiful Mind describes the life of Nobel Prize winner John Nash, a person with schizophrenia. In the movie, Nash develops symptoms at age 20, prominent among them visual hallucinations. In actual fact, Nash developed symptoms when he was 30, prominent among them auditory hallucinations. Whose experience is more like that of typical people with schizophrenia, movie Nash, or real Nash?

answer

some of both: symptoms onset age from movie Nash, and auditory hallucinations from real Nash, are typical

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Armond does not feel much emotion and does not really want to do anything. He has also completely withdrawn from his friends and family. The presence of these behaviors illustrates ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.

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negative

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Delusions, disorganized thinking and speech, heightened perceptions and hallucinations, and inappropriate affect are examples of ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.

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positive

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Millie sees pretty colored butterflies on all the walls. She also hears gentle music (that is not there). The presence of these behaviors illustrates ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.

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positive

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The chief difference between hallucinations and delusions is that:

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hallucinations involve perception and delusions belief

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All of the following statements are true of mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAS) EXCEPT:

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MICA is overdiagnosed because the drug abuse is often overemphasized.

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What treatment programs seem to work best for MICAs?

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long-term, individualized, comprehensive therapy

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Researchers estimate that about what percent of homeless individuals are identifiable as MICAs (mentally ill chemical abusers)?

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10-20 percent

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In general, the problems that MICAs face in terms of diagnosis and treatment are:

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more than those faced by either by people with severe mental disorders or chemical abuse disorders

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Rosa is sure that her family is planning to kidnap her and take her inheritance. She has found her husband talking on the phone in whispers and seen her children looking at her strangely. She is most likely suffering from:

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delusions of persecution.

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Antonio believes that the anchor on the evening news (TV) is speaking directly (and personally) to him. He even goes to the television studio to talk to the man. He is suffering from:

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delusions of reference.

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I am the Virgin Mary, come to give birth to a new savior, says someone experiencing:

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delusions of grandeur

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A person with schizophrenia who said, It's cold today. My cold is better but I got it from the nurse. She is a big blonde who lives in Manhattan. I live in Manhattan with Jimmy Carter, is experiencing:

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loose associations.

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The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain, is an example of:

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clang.

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A person with schizophrenia who said, It's time for supper, supper, supper. Supper is on in the supper room is experiencing:

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perseveration

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Jabberwocky is an example of a:

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neologism.

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I like to read books. I read a book about a gilzbok but they have nothing to interest me it is just amudence all over again. This type of talk illustrates:

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neologisms

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A person with schizophrenia who tastes chlorine in untreated natural water, and then thinks that his wife is trying to slowly poison him is experiencing a(n) ______ hallucination and a delusion of ______.

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gustatory, persecution

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A person with schizophrenia who hears all the animals around her making plans to get her ready for the ball, and comes to think she is Cinderella is experiencing a(n) ______ hallucination and a delusion of ______.

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auditory; grandeur

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Research participants with schizophrenia who were asked to listen for a particular syllable against a background of speech performed:

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as well as nonschizophrenic people with simple background speech, but poorer than nonschizophrenic people with more distracting background speech

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In the middle of a crowded room with talking, music, laughing, and street noises, those with schizophrenia experiencing heightened perceptions would be most likely to: focus intently on the conversation. imitate an ambulance sound. sing along with the music.

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feel their senses overstimulated.

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People with deficiencies in smooth pursuit eye movement would be less able to:

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track an object with their eyes

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Which of the following would be the most common type of hallucination?

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That dog is singing to me and asking me to sing along.

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The most common type of hallucination in schizophrenia is:

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auditory

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Research with those experiencing auditory hallucinations has demonstrated all of the following except:

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movement of the oval window of the cochlea.

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Which of the following is a somatic hallucination?

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My intestines are a mass of wiggling worms.

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Which of the following is a tactile hallucination?

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There are invisible bugs crawling under my tingling skin.

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When Janice drinks her milk, she is sure from the taste that someone put salt in it. Janice is most likely experiencing a(n) ______ hallucination.

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gustatory

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A person with schizophrenia who laughs when told sad news and screams in situations that most people see as warm and tender is experiencing:

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inappropriate affect.

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Poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal are all examples of ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.

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negative

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In the middle of a normal, calm conversation, a person with Tourette's syndrome might suddenly begin shouting, then follow that with a string of obscenities. This is similar to the symptom of schizophrenia called:

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inappropriate affect.

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A person with schizophrenia who is experiencing alogia is displaying:

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poverty of speech.

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A decrease in the fluency and productivity of speech, seen in schizophrenia, is termed:

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alogia.

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An emergency medical technician (EMT) arrives at the scene of a bad car accident, and calmly prepares a severely injured passenger for transport to a hospital while others at the scene are screaming and crying with fear and grief. The EMT's training has resulted in behavior similar to the symptom of schizophrenia called:

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blunted affect.

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I sit staring at a blank page, unable to make myself write a new multiple-choice test item; I just don't seem to care. My behavior is like that of people with schizophrenia displaying the symptom called:

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avolition

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A person with schizophrenia exhibiting social withdrawal appears to be unusually up-todate on contemporary political issues. This is:

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very uncommon; those showing social withdrawal typically know less than usual about nonpersonal issues, such as political issues.

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Martin is a person with schizophrenia who feels ambivalent about most issues. He has no goals and does not seem to have the energy or interest to think about them. He certainly cannot make decisions. He is suffering from:

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disturbances in volition

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A person with schizophrenia who is experiencing anhedonia is displaying:

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blunted or flat affect.

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A person with schizophrenia who is feeling apathetic, drained, and unable to start or follow through on any projects is displaying: loss of volition.

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loss of volition.

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A person with schizophrenia who is unable to recognize other people's needs and emotions and who doesn't know much about everyday events and issues is displaying:

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social withdrawal.

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The inability to move the limbs in catatonic schizophrenia illustrates ______ symptoms of schizophrenia.

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psychomotor

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Those with schizophrenia who remain motionless and silent for long periods of time are experiencing:

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catatonic stupor.

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Noreen has been diagnosed as a person with schizophrenia. She is totally unresponsive to her environment. She does not move for hours on end and never responds to contacts from others. This is an example of:

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catatonic stupor.

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Those with schizophrenia who hold awkward and bizarre positions for long periods of time are experiencing:

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catatonic posturing.

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Those with schizophrenia who remain standing for hours and resist efforts to be moved are experiencing:

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catatonic rigidity

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People with schizophrenia who wave their arms around in wild motions and make kicking motions with their legs are experiencing:

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catatonic excitement.

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The stage of the development of schizophrenia marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of some mild symptoms is called the:

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prodromal phase

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A person is socially withdrawn, speaks in odd ways, has strange ideas, and expresses little emotion, but is not displaying full-blown schizophrenic symptoms. What phase of schizophrenia is this person in?

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either prodromal or residual

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Patients are more likely to recover from schizophrenia if they:

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demonstrated good premorbid functioning

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Delia does not display all the full-blown schizophrenia symptoms any more. Occasionally, a shadow of a symptom appears. She is a bit withdrawn and not entirely clear all the time, but she can marginally function in the world. This is an example of ______ schizophrenia.

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residual

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Which of the following is not related to a fuller recovery from schizophrenia?

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schizophrenia developing in early life

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A person with schizophrenia who was mute, statue like, and failed to participate in the hospital routine is most likely experiencing ______ schizophrenia.

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catatonic

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A person with schizophrenia who is unusually silly, engages in odd mannerisms, and grimaces is most likely experiencing ______ schizophrenia.

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disorganized

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Jerry suffers from extremely disrupted thought processes and severe perceptual disturbances. He also displays odd mannerisms, silliness, and has difficulty communicating. He is most likely suffering from ______ schizophrenia.

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disorganized

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Olive is hospitalized. She spends most of her time frozen in place. When she is moved by a nurse or physician, she remains in the position she is put into. This is an example of ______ schizophrenia.

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catatonic

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A person with schizophrenia whose life is taken over by an elaborate system of delusions and auditory hallucinations is most likely experiencing ______ schizophrenia.

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paranoid

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A common symptom of paranoid schizophrenia is:

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auditory hallucinations.

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A person with schizophrenia experiences less frequent emotional outbursts than before, and is beginning to participate somewhat in family get-togethers; however, some symptoms persist. Most likely, this person's diagnosis is:

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unorganized type.

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The statement According to DSM-IV-TR, Type 1 schizophrenia involves mainly positive symptoms; is problematic because:

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Type I/Type II categories are not in DSM-IV-TR.

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A person with schizophrenia demonstrates poverty of speech, and experiences auditory hallucinations. According to the Type I-Type II; evaluation categorization, this person would be:

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a mix of Type I and Type II

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According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:

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people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present.

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Based on family pedigree studies, which relative of an individual with a diagnosis of schizophrenia would be most at risk for developing the disorder?

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sister

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What is the rate of concordance for schizophrenia in identical twins?

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40-60%

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In general, the closer people are genetically related to someone with schizophrenia, the more likely they are to be diagnosed with schizophrenia, as well. This is evidence of:

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a positive correlation between schizophrenia diagnosis and closeness of relationship.

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Which of the following groups of relatives of someone diagnosed with schizophrenia shows the correct sequence from having the highest concordance rate for schizophrenia to having the lowest concordance rate for schizophrenia?

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sibling, parent, first cousin

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Which of the following statements about genetic factors in schizophrenia is accurate?

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Close relatives of those with schizophrenia are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than distant relatives of those with schizophrenia.

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Recent research shows that if one identical twin develops schizophrenia, there is about a 50% chance the other twin will develop schizophrenia. If future research confirms this finding, we will have evidence of:

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strong environmental and strong genetic components of schizophrenia.

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If schizophrenia depended solely on genetic make-up, then compared to siblings in general, fraternal twins should have:

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the same concordance rate for schizophrenia.

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The data from studies of the biological and adoptive parents of children who receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia as adults show that the concordance rate of schizophrenia with biological relatives is:

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higher than with adoptive relatives

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For the first two weeks after starting college, a student can't seem to talk coherently, and is generally unresponsive to the moods of other students in the same dorm. Soon thereafter, the student resumes normal patterns of speaking and social interaction. This is an example of:

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brief psychotic disorder.

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A middle-aged individual shows many of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia, and at the same time, often appears profoundly depressed. The symptoms have lasted almost a year. This is an example of:

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schizoaffective disorder.

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A person acts extremely jealous all the time, and complains bitterly whenever other people appear to be getting more attention. This has been going on for a couple of months, and the person shows no other substantial symptoms. The best diagnosis assuming, of course, the extreme jealousy has no basis in fact is...

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delusional disorder.

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A young adult who still lives at home has a parent who frequently exhibits delusions of grandeur, so much so that the young adult eventually develops delusions of grandeur, as well. This psychotic disorder is called:

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shared psychotic disorder.

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What is an important difference between those identified as MICAs, and those diagnosed with substance-induced psychotic disorder?

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Those identified as MICAs by definition experience comorbidity.

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A mother experiences baby blues shortly after delivering a child. The chances that she later will develop postpartum psychosis are closest to:

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1 in 1,000

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A woman has just been diagnosed with postpartum depression. Most likely, she will:

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neither progress to postpartum psychosis, nor physically harm her child

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Postpartum psychosis occurs:

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in 1-2% of women, beginning soon after childbirth

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Which of the following is the best example of a finding from genetic linkage and molecular biology studies?

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Gene defects on certain chromosomes predispose one to schizophrenia.

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Symptoms of postpartum psychosis appear to be triggered by:

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a large shift in hormones occurring just after childbirth

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Andrea Yates, showing symptoms of postpartum psychosis, drowned her five children in 2001. Assuming she was suffering from postpartum psychosis, her actions were:

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atypical; less than 10 percent of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring.

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Does research support the thinking that there is a schizophrenia gene?

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No: schizophrenia is probably a polygenic disorder, and researchers have not pinpointed the exact gene yet

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If the dopamine hypothesis provides an accurate explanation of the cause of schizophrenia, one would expect that a drug that was effective against Parkinson's disease symptoms might:

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put the patient at risk for psychotic symptoms

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Which of the following best supports the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia?

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Antipsychotic drugs often produce Parkinson-like symptoms.

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Researchers found that phenothiazines reduced psychotic symptoms but also caused Parkinsonian symptoms (e.g., tremor). This discovery suggests that:

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schizophrenia is tied to excessive dopamine

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If a person receives the chemical L-dopa, a precursor of dopamine, it reduces the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. It also sometimes increases symptoms of schizophrenia. What might one conclude from this?

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Excessive dopamine produces schizophrenic symptoms

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The link between dopamine and schizophrenia is supported by the finding that:

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antipsychotic drugs bind to dopamine receptors

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A new medication for schizophrenia appears to work because it blocks dopamine from binding to a receptor. The new medication functions as:

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a dopamine antagonist

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Recently the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that:

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effective new drugs suggest abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin as well as dopamine.

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Francis behaves in a bizarre and ridiculous way. She has hallucinations and impossible leaps of logic and is generally unable to function outside an institution. Her schizophrenia is most likely related to

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dopamine.

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A classmate says, I guess the 'dopamine hypothesis' does a pretty good job of explaining the symptoms of schizophrenia. Of the following alternatives, your MOST accurate reply would be:

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It explains positive symptoms better than it explains negative symptoms.

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You have found enlarged ventricles during a postmortem analysis on a sample of brain tissue. This is most likely to be evidence of:

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schizophrenia involving mainly negative symptoms

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Regarding brain structure, those with schizophrenia have been found to have all of the following except:

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larger amounts of cortical gray matter

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An individual's brain contains more than the average amount of cerebrospinal fluid. This is a sign associated with:

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an above-average likelihood of experiencing schizophrenia

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The finding that the highest rates of schizophrenia are found among people who are born during the winter supports which theory of schizophrenia?

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viral theory

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If a person has smaller-than-normal ventricles in the brain and normal-sized temporal lobes, the probability that the person will be diagnosed with schizophrenia is:

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no higher than average since neither smaller-than-normal ventricles in the brain nor normal-sized temporal lobes are more common in those with schizophrenia than in others

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Support for the idea that prenatal exposure to viruses causes (or at least contributes to) schizophrenia comes from studies that show:

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fingerprint differences suggesting second trimester exposure to viruses.

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The viral explanation for schizophrenia suggests that brain abnormalities, and therefore schizophrenia, result from viral exposure:

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before birth.

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If schizophrenia results from prenatal exposure to viruses which cause brain abnormalities, then one would expect what kind of correlation between schizophrenic birth rates and stillbirth rates?

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strong positive

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Since 1950, interest in psychological explanations for schizophrenia (as opposed to genetic and biological explanations) has:

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decreased, then increased.

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According to Freud, people with schizophrenia:

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regress to a pre-ego state of primary narcissism.

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According to Freudian psychodynamic interpretation, people who develop schizophrenia regress to a state of:

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primary narcissism.

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According to Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, schizophrenia is caused by:

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a schizophrenegenic mother

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A psychodynamic theorist of the twenty-first century is most likely to say:

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Biological abnormalities can lead to extreme regression.

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In their attempts to explain schizophrenia, most modern psychodynamic theorists:

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reject the views of both Freud and Fromm-Reichmann

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If one receives a good deal of attention for unusual behaviors, is it any surprise those behaviors are strengthened? is a question most likely asked by what kind of theorist?

answer

behavioral

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The behavioral approach to understanding schizophrenia is supported by the observation that:

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those with schizophrenia can learn some appropriate behaviors

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A behaviorist is able, using operant conditioning, to eliminate most of a person with schizophrenia's unusual behaviors. The behaviorist has demonstrated that those particular unusual behaviors:

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might have been acquired through operant conditioning

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A good summary of the behavioral view's explanation for schizophrenia is that the behavioral view does a:

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reasonably good job of accounting for the situational aspects, but not the origins, of schizophrenic behaviors.

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In many cases, people with schizophrenia make at least modest gains when they receive behavioral therapy. These findings MOST likely indicate that:

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some symptoms of schizophrenia may be learned

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Overall, a typical cognitive approach to explaining symptoms of schizophrenia does a: good job of explaining positive symptoms like delusions

answer

Overall, a typical cognitive approach to explaining symptoms of schizophrenia does a: good job of explaining positive symptoms like delusions

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A person begins exhibiting early symptoms of schizophrenia; for example, hearing voices. Family members decide to discuss the voices with the person, to try to understand what is going on. This action by family members should:

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increase the likelihood of future symptoms, according to the behavioral viewpoint only.

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The cognitive view of schizophrenia is based on the assumption that those with schizophrenia experience strange and unreal sensations:

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then tell their friends and family, who deny the reality of the sensations

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Occasionally, you see or hear things. Your friends tell you it's your imagination. Eventually you come to think your friends are hiding something and you develop delusions of persecution to explain their behavior. This thinking leads you down the rational road to madness; This scenario is consistent with the ______ view.

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cognitive

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The rational path to madness; is most consistent with a ______ orientation.

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cognitive

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Compared to African Americans, white Americans are: less likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and less likely to be

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institutionalized.

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Which of the following alternatives lists the three groups, African Americans, Hispanic Americans, and white Americans, in the correct order from lowest to highest likelihood of receiving a diagnosis of schizophrenia?

answer

white Americans, Hispanic Americans, African Americans

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Compared to those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developing countries, those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developed countries are:

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less likely to recover fully, and more likely to be hospitalized.

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A particular country has a prevalence for schizophrenia of almost 3%. That country:

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has a higher-than-average schizophrenia prevalence.

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A person diagnosed with schizophrenia is not hospitalized, yet eventually shows complete remission of symptoms. This pattern is:

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typical of what happens in developing countries.

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Assume 10 people diagnosed with schizophrenia are randomly selected from the United States and from Colombia. Based on World Health Organization data, our BEST prediction would be that after two years:

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over half of those from Colombia, but fewer than half of those from the United States, would show complete remission.

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The complete remission rate for those diagnosed with schizophrenia is:

answer

higher in developing countries than in undeveloped countries, possibly because of better family and social support.

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Compared with those diagnosed with schizophrenia in developing countries, those diagnosed with schizophrenia in developed countries are MORE likely to experience all of the following EXCEPT:

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complete remission.

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Studies relating rates of diagnosis of schizophrenia to poverty and race show:

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a connection between diagnosis of schizophrenia and both race and poverty.

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A person is labeled schizophrenic by the community. Based upon available evidence, it is most likely that:

answer

community members, and the person, will have a more negative view of the person.

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People around those who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia begin to treat them as if they are crazy; expecting and overreacting to odd behaviors that they might not even notice in others. This observation is most consistent with the ______ understanding of schizophrenia.

answer

sociocultural

question

David Rosenhan sent eight normal people to various psychiatric hospitals complaining of hearing voices that said empty, hollow and thud. All eight people acted normally after being admitted to the hospital, yet all were diagnosed as schizophrenic. One of the conclusions from this study is that: the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception.

answer

David Rosenhan sent eight normal people to various psychiatric hospitals complaining of hearing voices that said empty, hollow and thud. All eight people acted normally after being admitted to the hospital, yet all were diagnosed as schizophrenic. One of the conclusions from this study is that: the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception.

question

The idea of meta-communication is most important to one who thinks schizophrenia arises from:

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double-bind messages

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Which of the following is the best example of a double-bind communication?

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saying I love you but refusing to allow the child in your lap

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Iphi glowered, and when her son did not come over to say hello, she said, What's wrong? Don't you love your old mom anymore? This is a(n):

answer

double-bind message.

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In 1949, Eddy Howard wrote song lyrics which included, Your lips tell me no, no/But there's yes, yes in your eye If Mr. Howard were correct in his observations, then he described:

answer

a double-bind message (and something a schizophrenogenic mother might do).

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Families that display high levels of expressed emotion:

answer

indicate approval of one another's actions

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If observations of a relationship between expressed emotion in families and recovery from schizophrenia demonstrate cause-and-effect, one would predict that relapse would be least common in schizophrenics whose families: infrequently express criticism, and allow a good deal of privacy.

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If observations of a relationship between expressed emotion in families and recovery from schizophrenia demonstrate cause-and-effect, one would predict that relapse would be least common in schizophrenics whose families: infrequently express criticism, and allow a good deal of privacy.

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Which theoretical orientation holds the perspective that schizophrenia is a constructive process designed to cure the individual of unhappiness and confusion produced by the family or society?

answer

existential

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Which one of the following would be most likely to say that schizophrenia is a constructive process through which people try to find their true selves?

answer

sociocultural-existential theorists

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Of the following statements, which is true regarding R. D. Laing's constructive theory of schizophrenia?

answer

Members of the public think it has validity.

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A classmate asks, I just read about Laing's theory of schizophrenia; what do you think? Which of the following alternatives would be the BEST reply?

answer

Lots of nonprofessionals like it, but it's not supported by much research.

question

If proposed changes for the DSM-5 section on schizophrenia occur, which of the following would NOT be a good topic for a multiple-choice item from this chapter in your text?

answer

the different kinds of schizophrenia diagnosis

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What are researchers currently focusing on to identify the causes of schizophrenia?

answer

They are focusing on specific biological, but only general psychological, causes.

question

Schizophrenia researchers have been:

answer

more successful in identifying biological origins than psychological origins of schizophrenia.

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