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Scientific study of how individuals behave, think, feel in social situations Humans are social creatures - Need to affiliate, associate with others -- Get approval, support, friendship, information -- Lessen fear, anxiety

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Social Psychology

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Attributions - Inferences about causes of behaviors -- Ours & others' - Determine how we act - External versus internal attributions -- Fundamental attribution error --- Tendency to attribute others' actions to internal causes -- Actor-observer bias --- Tendency to attribute our own actions to external causes

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Making Attributions

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Involves changes in behavior due to actions of others Three major forms of social influence - Conformity - Compliance - Obedience

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Social Influence

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Without pressure, we change our behavior to agree with actions, norms, values of others Solomon Asch's conformity experiment (1956) - Told ~ visual perception test - 1 participant & 5 confederates Those more susceptible to group pressure - High need for structure, certainty - Anxiety, low self-confidence, high concern for others' approval - Cultural differences? Groupthink - Decision makers want to maintain each other's approval, even at cost of critical thinking - Agreement more important than good sense Space shuttle Columbia (2003) - Pressures - Foam insulation - Isolated, isolating

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Conformity

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When person bends to requests of another person who has little or no authority Three phenomena in compliance 1) Foot-in-the-door 2) Door-in-the-face 3) Low-ball technique

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Compliance

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When people comply due to demands of authority Stanley Milgram obedience studies (1965) - Learning experiment at Yale University -- "Teacher" reads list of words to "learner" -- "Learner" memorizes words -- "Teacher" and "learner" roles appear to be assigned by flip of coin Milgram study Zimbardo prison experiment (1972) - Stanford University students - What happens when people have control over others?

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Obedience

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Actions that are constructive, altruistic, helpful to others When prosocial behavior failed - Kitty Genovese's murder (1964) - Bystander effect -- The more potential helpers present, the less likely people are to help Bystander intervention - People pass through series of decisions before giving help - Darley and Latane (1968) More likely to help others when - Alone with victim - Costs of helping are lower in terms of -- Effort, risk, embarrassment - Empathetic arousal - Feel connected to the person -- Need is similar -- In good mood, feel successful, happy, fortunate - See others helping - See ourselves as helping people

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Prosocial Behavior

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Assuming that the reason a person is obese is because he or she has no willpower is an example of A) a self-fulfilling prophecy. B) the fundamental attribution error. C) a stereotype. D) stereotype threat.

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A) a self-fulfilling prophecy.

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Tom is surprised to find that not all of his friends think about affirmative action in the same way he does. Tom's surprise can be explained by A) the false consensus effect. B) self-serving bias. C) heuristics. D) the fundamental attribution error.

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A) the false consensus effect.

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Which of the following statements is most correct? A) The fundamental attribution error is unrelated to stereotypes, whereas self-serving bias is related to stereotypes. B) The fundamental attribution error is focused on others, whereas self-serving bias is focused on the self. C) The fundamental attribution error attributes successes to internal causes, whereas self-serving bias attributes successes to external causes. D) The fundamental attribution error does not take into account all available information, whereas self-serving bias does.

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B) The fundamental attribution error is focused on others, whereas self-serving bias is focused on the self.

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A woman is concerned that if she does poorly on a math exam, she will confirm the stereotype that women are not good at math. What is likely to happen and why? A) She will do poorly on the exam because of stereotype threat. B) She will do well on the exam because of stereotype threat. C) She will do poorly on the exam because of the self-fulfilling prophecy. D) She will do well on the exam because of the self-fulfilling prophecy.

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A) She will do poorly on the exam because of stereotype threat.

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Tori did well on her first exam in psychology. She congratulated herself for studying hard and being naturally gifted. When she failed her second exam, she became angry at the professor for creating an unfair test and for not explaining the concepts well. Tori's reactions are an example of A) stereotype threat. B) self-objectification. C) self-serving bias. D) cognitive dissonance.

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C) self-serving bias.

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Matthew did poorly when trying out for his school's soccer team. To make himself feel better about his performance, he said to himself "at least I wasn't as bad as Brad." Matthew's self-talk is an example of A) self-serving bias. B) cognitive dissonance. C) the fundamental attribution error. D) social comparison.

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D) social comparison.

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Tyrone is supportive of same-sex marriage. However, the political candidate for whom he plans to vote opposes same-sex marriage. Tyrone is likely experiencing A) cognitive dissonance. B) the self-fulfilling prophecy. C) the bystander effect. D) conformity.

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A) cognitive dissonance.

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An employer who thinks that members of a specific group are inferior is an example of _____; the employer's refusing to hire members of that group is an example of _____. A) discrimination; prejudice B) prejudice; discrimination C) social comparison; stereotyping D) stereotyping; social comparison

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B) prejudice; discrimination

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What does social psychological research have to say about decreasing within-group prejudice? A) Exposure to members of the outgroup results in decreased prejudice. B) Competitive activities between members of groups result in decreased prejudice. C) When groups work together to achieve a common goals, prejudice is decreased. D) Prejudice is deep-rooted and cannot be influenced by psychological intervention.

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C) When groups work together to achieve a common goals, prejudice is decreased.

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What is the difference between egoism and altruism? A) Egoism is the opposite of altruism. B) Egoism involves helping others with no expectation of help in return, whereas altruism involves helping others with the expectation of help in return. C) Egoism involves helping others with the expectation of help in return, whereas altruism involves helping others with no expectation of help in return. D) Egoism involves helping others to the smallest extent possible, whereas altruism involves helping others to a much greater extent.

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C) Egoism involves helping others with the expectation of help in return, whereas altruism involves helping others with no expectation of help in return.

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Which of the following is helpful in reducing prejudice? A) competition B) us/them thinking C) use of heuristics D) task-oriented cooperation

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D) task-oriented cooperation

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After a movie has ended, an elderly man falls when walking down the steps of the crowded theater. There is an extremely long pause before anyone moves to help the man. This is an example of A) aggression. B) egoism. C) altruism. D) the bystander effects.

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D) the bystander effects.

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Jim believes think that capital punishment is wrong. After speaking with some like-minded co-workers, he feels even more convinced that his opinion is correct. This is an example of A) discrimination. B) self-serving bias. C) group polarization. D) groupthink.

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C) group polarization.

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Kim was offered a job and wanted to get a salary of $35,000 per year. When her soon-to-be employer asked her what salary she expected, she said $40,000. She was confident that she would not get that high of a salary but rather expected her employer to reject that figure for a figure closer to $35,000. What strategy is Kim using? A) cognitive dissonance strategy B) foot-in-the-door strategy C) elaboration-likelihood strategy D) door-in-the-face strategy

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D) door-in-the-face strategy

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Kelly is frustrated that her husband is not doing his share of the chores. Kelly seems to be lacking _____ in her relationship. A) investment B) equity C) equality D) commitment

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B) equity

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Which of the following will decrease the likelihood of deindividuation? A) large groups B) darkness C) saying a person's name D) costumes

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C) saying a person's name

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Love that is characterized by intense passion and infatuation is called A) affectionate love. B) romantic love. C) social exchange love. D) consensual love.

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B) romantic love.

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A soldier who commits acts of violence against others because his or her superior instructed him or her to do so is an example of A) obedience. B) conformity. C) cognitive dissonance. D) groupthink.

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A) obedience.

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A C student thinks of himself as above average on intelligence. This is an example of A) the fundamental attribution error. B) a self-fulfilling prophecy. C) a positive illusion. D) self-objectification.

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C) a positive illusion.

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How should minority groups present their views so that they can persuade majority group members? A) normative influence B) information influence C) peripheral norms D) task-oriented cooperation

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B) information influence

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Distinctive faces tend to be judged as most attractive. A) True B) False

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False

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Self-objectification is related to decreased performance on certain tasks. A) True B) False

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True

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Men who watch violent pornography are more accepting of violence toward women than men who do not. A) True B) False

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True

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In trying to persuade someone of something, it is best to use the peripheral route if you have their full attention. A) True B) False

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False

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Carol and Armando work together, go to school together, and socialize together. Carol notices that Armando is always on time to work and class and is never late when they make plans. One day, Armando is late to class. It is likely that Carol would make an external attribution about Armando's lateness. A) True B) False

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True

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Violence in movies and television has no effect on people's levels of aggression. A) True B) False

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False

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In intimate relationships, the old adage that "opposites attract" is usually true. A) True B) False

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False

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People who lack close friends are more likely to become ill. A) True B) False

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True

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Rioting behavior is usually understood to occur because of groupthink. A) True B) False

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False

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Small groups are more prone to social loafing than larger groups. A) True B) False

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False

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A generalization about a group that does not take into account differences among members of that group is called a(n) _______

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stereotype

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Feeling the same way as another, or putting yourself in someone else's shoes, is called _____

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empathy

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The belief that women actually desire to engage in coercive sex is known as the ______

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rape myth

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When speaking to a group about a political issue, Eileen is unsure of her own opinion. When asked what she thinks, then, she conforms to the group position because she thinks they really know what they're talking about.Eileen's conformity is best explained by ________

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informational social influence

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_______ is a process that happens in groups when bad decisions are made with no room for dissention.

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Groupthink

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Feelings or opinions about people, objects, and ideas are called _______

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attitudes

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Stacey asks Liz if she likes her new neighbors. Liz says "I don't know. I guess I must since I helped them unpack." Liz's answer is most clearly explained by _____

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self-perception theory

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Isaac needs a ride to the airport at 3:00 A.M. He asks his friend, Juan, to give him a ride. Wanting to be a good friend, Juan says, "Sure, no problem." Isaac says, "Thank you; pick me up at 3:00 A.M." Isaac was able to successfully procure a ride to the airport by using the ______

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foot-in-the-door phenomenon

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When you saw a movie in a crowded theater you found yourself laughing out loud with everyone else. When you saw it at home, though, you still found it funny but didn't laugh as much. This is an example of ______

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social contagion

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When Carlos first sat next to Brenda in class he didn't think much of her. After sitting next to her every day for a month he really likes her. This is best explained by ______

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the mere exposure effect

question

Tamara is anxious when she arrives for her first day in a new office. She mentally rehearses introducing herself, so when someone asks "Where are you from?" Tamara accidentally replies, "I'm Tamara." Later that afternoon, Tamara overhears someone say "The new girl doesn't seem that smart." Because she knows she's extremely smart, Tamara isn't upset, but she is embarrassed. Her coworker has A) used the peripheral route of persuasion. B) experienced cognitive dissonance. C) made a fundamental attribution error. D) used an internal locus of control.

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C) made a fundamental attribution error.

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As a news anchor, Craig is used to people approaching him to argue about things he reported. Though he loves his job, he is constantly explaining that just because he reports on an issue doesn't mean he personally subscribes to it. In situations like this, people are A) relying on the peripheral route of persuasion. B) making a fundamental attribution error. C) using the door-in-the-face technique. D) relying on the norm of reciprocity.

answer

B) making a fundamental attribution error.

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While Allyson is considering her options in a computer store, a sales representative finishes helping a male client and asks if he can help her. When she says her router is not working, he asks her very basic questions that he never bothered to ask the male customer. Before the conversation is over, it is clear that Allyson knows far more about routers than the sales representative. The representative's behavior suggests that he has a generalized belief A) or norm of reciprocity. B) that by using informational social influence he will impress Allyson. C) fostered by the effects of realistic conflict theory in the computer industry. D) or stereotype that women are less likely than men to understand computer technology.

answer

D) or stereotype that women are less likely than men to understand computer technology.

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A good way to help yourself quit smoking is to spend time educating other people about the dangers of smoking. Because one action (smoking) is incongruent with the other action (telling others about dangers related to smoking), you will probably experience A) the door-in-the-face technique. B) cognitive dissonance. C) normative social influence. D) deindividuation.

answer

B) cognitive dissonance.

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The brainiacs at the Optimum Computing Corporation have developed a superior notebook computer. The advertising department knows that the purchase of a notebook is a significant investment for the average computer buyer. Since their product is more expensive than their competitors', they will have to convince their target audience that the technology is extraordinary enough to warrant the additional cost. Which of the following approaches would be most likely to achieve their goal? A) the central route to persuasion B) the peripheral route to persuasion C) the door-in-the-face technique D) lowballing.

answer

A) the central route to persuasion

question

The upscale Ethan Grant Company has created a new cologne called Ethan for men and a "matching" perfume called Ethan Femme. The company's advertising executives know that their new fragrances will be competing with hundreds of others and that the human nose can only discriminate among so many smells. They know there's no way they can logically convince someone to pay an exorbitant price for Ethan and Ethan Femme; instead, they will need to rely on A) the central route to persuasion. B) the peripheral route to persuasion. C) the foot-in-the-door technique. D) deindividuation.

answer

B) the peripheral route to persuasion.

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Glynnis has been involved in her college's theater department for several years. When she first gets a script she practices alone, repeating lines until they sound and feel realistic to her. She always notices that her performance improves significantly, though, when she participates in dress rehearsals with other actors. This is most likely due to A) social norms. B) social roles. C) deindividuation. D) social facilitation.

answer

D) social facilitation.

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Galatea attended a high school that encouraged and emphasized creativity and the arts until her junior year. When her mother's employer transfers her to another state, Galatea and her father must also move. Because there isn't a special arts magnet in the new town, Galatea is enrolled in the public high school. On her first day she dresses as she always has—an eclectic, funky style that is uniquely hers. The other students, who appear to Galatea to be dressed in boringly similar styles, stare and laugh at her appearance, and by the end of the day Galatea is uncomfortable. The next day, Galatea dresses more conservatively. Galatea's change in how she dresses is best explained by A) deindividuation. B) normative social influence. C) the fundamental attribution error. D) a self-serving bias.

answer

B) normative social influence.

question

Members of some hate groups cover their faces and sometimes their entire bodies while they mistreat their targeted group. This can also happen if the hate group is extremely large or a "mob mentality" forms. In these situations, people find it easier to participate in crimes they would not normally commit due to A) lowballing. B) equal status contact. C) deindividuation. D) the self-fulfilling prophecy.

answer

C) deindividuation.

question

As Theo leaves his grocery store, a woman at a table near the door asks him to donate $10 to a cause that Theo has heard of but in which he has no personal investment. Theo politely declines; $10 feels like a lot of money to give to a charity that has no particular meaning for him. The woman asks if he'd be willing to give one dollar instead, and Theo pulls some change out of his pocket and drops some quarters into the bucket on the table. The solicitor used the A) foot-in-the-door technique. B) door-in-the-face technique. C) norm of reciprocity. D) lowballing technique.

answer

B) door-in-the-face technique.

question

When the Enron Corporation went bankrupt in 2001, the collapse was the largest corporate failure in history, and the name has since become synonymous with corporate fraud. Enron's board of directors failed to monitor, question, or analyze Enron's management and business practices, and billions of dollars' worth of unscrupulous activities were conducted to make Enron look more financially stable than it was. Though the board had access to evidence that something was wrong with Enron's business practices, a culture had developed in which conformity was encouraged and diverse views were not acceptable. In other words, Enron fell prey to A) social facilitation. B) group polarization. C) social loafing. D) groupthink.

answer

D) groupthink.

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The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people.

answer

social psychology

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A generalization about a group's characteristics that does not consider any variations from one individual to another.

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stereotype

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The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior.

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attribution theory

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Observers' overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior.

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fundamental attribution error

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Observers' overestimation of the degree to which everybody else thinks or acts the way they do.

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false consensus effect

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Positive views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.

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positive illusions

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The tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures.

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self-serving bias

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The tendency to see oneself primarily as an object in the eyes of others.

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self-objectification

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An individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group.

answer

stereotype threat

question

The process by which individuals evaluate their thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to those of other people.

answer

social comparison

question

Our feelings, opinions, and beliefs about people, objects, and ideas.

answer

attitudes

question

An individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts.

answer

cognitive dissonance

question

Bem's theory on how behaviors influence attitudes, stating that individuals make inferences about their attitudes by perceiving their behavior.

answer

self-perception theory

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Theory identifying two ways to persuade: a central route and a peripheral route.

answer

elaboration likelihood model

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Unselfish interest in helping another person.

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altruism

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Giving to another person to ensure reciprocity; to gain self-esteem; to present oneself as powerful, competent, or caring; or to avoid censure from self and others for failing to live up to society's expectations.

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egoism

question

A feeling of oneness with the emotional state of another person.

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empathy

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The tendency of an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone.

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bystander effect

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Behaviors that are intended to harm another person.

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aggression

question

A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard.

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conformity

question

The influence other people have on us because we want to be right.

answer

informational social influence

question

The influence others have on us because we want them to like us.

answer

normative social influence

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Behavior that complies with the explicit demands of the individual in authority.

answer

obedience

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The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group.

answer

deindividuation

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Imitative behavior involving the spread of actions, emotions, and ideas.

answer

social contagion

question

Improvement in an individual's performance because of the presence of others.

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social facilitation

question

Each person's tendency to exert less effort in a group because of reduced accountability for individual effort.

answer

social loafing

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The tendency for a group decision to be riskier than the average decision made by the individual group members.

answer

risky shift

question

The solidification and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion or interaction.

answer

group polarization effect

question

The impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less important than maintaining group harmony.

answer

groupthink

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The way we define ourselves in terms of our group membership.

answer

social identity

question

Tajfel's theory that our social identities are a crucial part of our self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves.

answer

social identity theory

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The tendency to favor one's own ethnic group over other groups.

answer

ethnocentrism

question

An unjustified negative attitude toward an individual based on the individual's membership in a particular group.

answer

prejudice

question

An unjustified negative or harmful action toward a member of a group simply because the person belongs to that group.

answer

discrimination

question

The phenomenon that the more we encounter someone or something, the more probable it is that we will start liking the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before.

answer

mere exposure effect

question

Also called passionate love; love with strong components of sexuality and infatuation, often dominant in the early part of a love relationship.

answer

romantic love

question

Also called companionate love; love that occurs when individuals desire to have another person near and have a deep, caring affection for the person.

answer

affectionate love

question

The view of social relationships as involving an exchange of goods, the objective of which is to minimize costs and maximize benefits.

answer

social exchange theory

question

A model of long-term relationships that examines the ways that commitment, investment, and the availability of attractive alternative partners predict satisfaction and stability in relationships.

answer

investment model

Ch. 13: Social Psychology

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