Ch. 12: The Lymphatic System – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
lymphatic system
answer
a network of veinlike vessels that returns the fluid that leaks out of blood vessels to the bloodstream
question
lymphatic vessels lymphoid tissues and organs
answer
these are the 2 parts of the lymphatic system
question
functions of the lymphatic system
answer
1. to transport fluids back to the blood 2. plays an essential role in body defense and resistance to disease
question
lymph
answer
excess tissue fluid that is carried by the lymphatic vessels
question
lymph vessels
answer
these create a one way system to the heart; they do not have a pump; they move lymph towards the heart
question
how fluid enters the lymph capillaries
answer
1. lymph capillary walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves 2. fluid leaks into lymph capillaries 3. higher pressure on the inside closes the minivalves
question
lymph capillaries
answer
part of the lymphatic vessel where the fluid leaks into
question
minivalves
answer
flap-like formations that are created when the walls of the lymph capillaries overlap; they are closed by the high pressure on the inside
question
lymphatic collecting vessels
answer
these structures collect lymph from lymph capillaries, carry it to and away from lymph nodes, and return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart
question
antigens
answer
these are things in the body that the immune system responds to
question
water blood cells proteins
answer
these are the 3 helpful materials contained in lymph
question
bacteria viruses cancer cells cell debris
answer
these are the 4 harmful materials contained in lymph
question
lymph nodes
answer
these structures filter lymph before it is returned to the blood; contain defense cells
question
defense cells
answer
these type of cells reside in lymph nodes
question
macrophages and lymphocytes
answer
these are the 2 defense cells that reside in lymph nodes
question
macrophages
answer
these are one type of defense cell that engulf and destroy foreign substances
question
lymphocytes
answer
these are one type of defense cell that provide immune response to antigens
question
lymph nodes
answer
most of these are kidney-shaped and are less than 1 inch long; made up of a cortex and medulla
question
cortex
answer
this is the outer part of a lymph node which contains follicles (or collections of lymphocytes)
question
medulla
answer
this is the inner part of a lymph node that contains phagocytic macrophages
question
lymph flow through nodes
answer
1. lymph enters through afferent lymphatic vessels 2. lymph exists through efferent lymphatic vessels 3. fewer efferent vessels causes the flow to be slowed
question
spleen
answer
this lymphatic organ: filters blood destroys worn out blood cells acts as a blood reservoir
question
thymus
answer
this lymphatic organ functions at peak levels only during childhood; it produces hormones (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes
question
tonsils
answer
these lymphatic organs are small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx; they trap and remove bacteria and other foreign material
question
peyer's patches
answer
these lymphatic organs are found in the wall of the small intestine and resemble tonsils in structure; they capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
question
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
answer
MALT; small accumulations of lymphoid tissue that act as guards to protect respiratory and digestive tracts; they contain macrophages; includes peyer's patches and tonsils
question
nonspecific and specific defense systems
answer
these are the 2 defense systems our body has against foreign materials
question
nonspecific defense system
answer
includes mechanisms that protect against a variety of invaders; this defense system responds immediately
question
specific defense system
answer
this includes specific defenses that are required for each type of invader; also know as the IMMUNE system!
question
nonspecific defense system
answer
this defense system acts quickly
question
specific defense system
answer
this defense system acts slowly
question
1st line of defense
answer
this line of defense includes: skin mucous membranes secretions of skin and mucous membranes
question
2nd line of defense
answer
this line of defense includes: phagocytic cells antimicrobial proteins the inflammatory response
question
3rd line of defense
answer
this line of defense includes: lymphocytes antibodies macrophages
question
1st and 2nd
answer
these two line of defenses are part of the nonspecific defense system
question
3rd
answer
this line of defense is part of the specific defense (or immune) system
question
skin
answer
this is the first physical barrier to foreign materials; has an acidic pH to inhibit bacterial growth (sebum is toxic to bacteria and vaginal secretions are acidic)
question
surface membrane barriers
answer
part of the first line of defense: skin stomach mucosa saliva and lacrimal fluid (contain lysozyme) mucus
question
stomach mucosa
answer
this is a surface membrane barrier that protects the body; it secretes hydrochloric acid and has protein-digesting enzymes
question
mucous
answer
this is a surface membrane barrier that protects the body; it traps microorganisms in the digestive and respiratory pathways
question
lysozyme
answer
an enzyme found in saliva and lacrimal fluid that is harmful to bacteria
question
phagocytes
answer
neutrophils and macrophages; these engulf foreign material into a vacuole and enzymes from lysosomes digest that material
question
defensive cells
answer
includes phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) and natural killer cells
question
natural killer cells
answer
these can lyse and kill cancer cells and can destroy virus (or infected cells)
question
lyse
answer
natural killer cells do this; to punch a hole in a cell and let the cell contents flow out
question
foreign materials
answer
what are the targets of the defensive cells?
question
inflammatory response
answer
this is triggered when the body tissues are injured
question
redness heat swelling pain
answer
these are the four cardinal signs that indicate that the inflammatory response is operating
question
functions of the inflammatory response
answer
1. prevents the spread of damaging agents 2. disposes of cell debris and pathogens (microbes causing disease) 3. sets the stage for repair
question
complement and interferon
answer
these are the 2 types of antimicrobial chemicals that protect the body
question
antimicrobial chemicals
answer
these chemicals are complement and interferon and they protect the body
question
pathogens
answer
what is the target of antimicrobial chemicals?
question
complement
answer
an antimicrobial chemical; a group of at least 20 plasma proteins; they are activated (begin working as a group) when they encounter and attach to pathogens and lyse them
question
interferon
answer
an antimicrobial chemical; secreted proteins of virus-infected cells; they bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses binding
question
fever
answer
when you have an abnormally high body temperature this protects the body: 1. high temperatures slow the release of iron and zinc from the liver and spleen which are needed by the bacteria 2. it increase the speed of tissue repair
question
humoral and cellular immunity
answer
these are the 2 different types of immunity
question
humoral immunity
answer
antibody-mediated immunity; this is where cells produce chemicals for defense
question
cellular immunity
answer
cell-mediated immunity; this is where cells target virus infected cells
question
no
answer
do our immune cells attack our own proteins?
question
when our cells are donated and are foreign in another person's body
answer
when will our immune cells attack other human proteins?
question
lymphocytes
answer
an immune system cell; they originate from hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow; T and B
question
macrophages
answer
an immune system cell; these arise from monocytes and become widely distributed in lymphoid organs
question
humoral (primary) immune response
answer
this is the process to produce antibodies: B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen the binding event causes the growth of lots of that B lymphocyte a large number of clones are produced
question
secondary immune response
answer
this includes memory cells that are long-lived; a second exposure causes a rapid response; this response is stronger and longer lasting than the first
question
immunologic memory
answer
soluble proteins secreted by B cells (plasma cells); they are carried in the blood plasma; capable of binding specifically to an antigen; they may last a long time, in vaccinations
question
active immunity
answer
when your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies; can be acquired naturally and artificially
question
passive immunity
answer
when your antibodies are obtained from someone else; naturally (mother to fetus) or artificially (immune serum, donations); immunological memory does not occur
question
vaccinations
answer
these are used to prime the body and give it a strong secondary immune response; last long but not forever (tetanus shot every 10 years); not 100% effective
question
antibody
answer
these cells fight antigens in the body
question
cellular immune response
answer
this is when the presence of antigens causes several types of T-cells to be produced called T-cell clones
question
immunoglobulin
answer
antibodies have 5 major ____ classes: IgM IgA IgD IgG IgE
question
IgM
answer
the immunoglobulin class of antibodies that is involved in complement
question
IgA
answer
the immunoglobulin class of antibodies that is found mainly in mucus
question
IgD
answer
the immunoglobulin class of antibodies that is important in the activation of B cells
question
IgG
answer
the immunoglobulin class of antibodies that can cross the placental barrier
question
IgE
answer
the immunoglobulin class of antibodies that is involved in allergies
question
helper T cells
answer
these cells recruit other cells to fight the invaders; they interact directly with B cells
question
antigen specific
answer
a type of specific defense system that recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances
question
systemic
answer
a type of specific defense system that is not restricted to the initial infection site
question
memory
answer
the type of specific defense system that has this recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens
question
nonself and self antigens
answer
these are the 2 types of antigens
question
nonself antigens
answer
these are any substances capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response; they are bad
question
nonself antigens
answer
these are examples of ____ antigens: foreign proteins nucleic acids large carbohydrates some lipids pollen grains microorganisms
question
self antigens
answer
these are human cells that have many surface proteins; our immune cells do not attack our own proteins; they can restrict donors for transplants
question
T lymphocytes
answer
these type of lymphocytes are found in the thymus
question
B lymphocytes
answer
these type of lymphocytes are found in the red bone marrow; most of these become plasma; they produce antibodies to destroy antigens; they become long-lived memory cells
