Ch. 12: The Lymphatic System – Flashcards
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lymph vessels
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these create a one way system to the heart; they do not have a pump; they move lymph towards the heart
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how fluid enters the lymph capillaries
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1. lymph capillary walls overlap to form flap-like minivalves 2. fluid leaks into lymph capillaries 3. higher pressure on the inside closes the minivalves
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lymph capillaries
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part of the lymphatic vessel where the fluid leaks into
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minivalves
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flap-like formations that are created when the walls of the lymph capillaries overlap; they are closed by the high pressure on the inside
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lymphatic collecting vessels
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these structures collect lymph from lymph capillaries, carry it to and away from lymph nodes, and return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart
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antigens
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these are things in the body that the immune system responds to
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water blood cells proteins
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these are the 3 helpful materials contained in lymph
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bacteria viruses cancer cells cell debris
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these are the 4 harmful materials contained in lymph
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lymph nodes
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these structures filter lymph before it is returned to the blood; contain defense cells
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defense cells
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these type of cells reside in lymph nodes
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macrophages and lymphocytes
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these are the 2 defense cells that reside in lymph nodes
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macrophages
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these are one type of defense cell that engulf and destroy foreign substances
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lymphocytes
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these are one type of defense cell that provide immune response to antigens
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lymph nodes
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most of these are kidney-shaped and are less than 1 inch long; made up of a cortex and medulla
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cortex
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this is the outer part of a lymph node which contains follicles (or collections of lymphocytes)
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medulla
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this is the inner part of a lymph node that contains phagocytic macrophages
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lymph flow through nodes
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1. lymph enters through afferent lymphatic vessels 2. lymph exists through efferent lymphatic vessels 3. fewer efferent vessels causes the flow to be slowed
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spleen
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this lymphatic organ: filters blood destroys worn out blood cells acts as a blood reservoir
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thymus
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this lymphatic organ functions at peak levels only during childhood; it produces hormones (like thymosin) to program lymphocytes
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tonsils
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these lymphatic organs are small masses of lymphoid tissue around the pharynx; they trap and remove bacteria and other foreign material
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peyer's patches
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these lymphatic organs are found in the wall of the small intestine and resemble tonsils in structure; they capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
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mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
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MALT; small accumulations of lymphoid tissue that act as guards to protect respiratory and digestive tracts; they contain macrophages; includes peyer's patches and tonsils
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nonspecific and specific defense systems
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these are the 2 defense systems our body has against foreign materials
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nonspecific defense system
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includes mechanisms that protect against a variety of invaders; this defense system responds immediately
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specific defense system
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this includes specific defenses that are required for each type of invader; also know as the IMMUNE system!
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nonspecific defense system
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this defense system acts quickly
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specific defense system
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this defense system acts slowly
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1st line of defense
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this line of defense includes: skin mucous membranes secretions of skin and mucous membranes
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2nd line of defense
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this line of defense includes: phagocytic cells antimicrobial proteins the inflammatory response
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3rd line of defense
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this line of defense includes: lymphocytes antibodies macrophages
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1st and 2nd
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these two line of defenses are part of the nonspecific defense system
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3rd
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this line of defense is part of the specific defense (or immune) system
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skin
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this is the first physical barrier to foreign materials; has an acidic pH to inhibit bacterial growth (sebum is toxic to bacteria and vaginal secretions are acidic)
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surface membrane barriers
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part of the first line of defense: skin stomach mucosa saliva and lacrimal fluid (contain lysozyme) mucus
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stomach mucosa
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this is a surface membrane barrier that protects the body; it secretes hydrochloric acid and has protein-digesting enzymes
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mucous
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this is a surface membrane barrier that protects the body; it traps microorganisms in the digestive and respiratory pathways
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lysozyme
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an enzyme found in saliva and lacrimal fluid that is harmful to bacteria
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phagocytes
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neutrophils and macrophages; these engulf foreign material into a vacuole and enzymes from lysosomes digest that material
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defensive cells
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includes phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages) and natural killer cells
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natural killer cells
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these can lyse and kill cancer cells and can destroy virus (or infected cells)
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lyse
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natural killer cells do this; to punch a hole in a cell and let the cell contents flow out
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foreign materials
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what are the targets of the defensive cells?
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inflammatory response
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this is triggered when the body tissues are injured
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redness heat swelling pain
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these are the four cardinal signs that indicate that the inflammatory response is operating
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functions of the inflammatory response
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1. prevents the spread of damaging agents 2. disposes of cell debris and pathogens (microbes causing disease) 3. sets the stage for repair
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complement and interferon
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these are the 2 types of antimicrobial chemicals that protect the body
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antimicrobial chemicals
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these chemicals are complement and interferon and they protect the body
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pathogens
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what is the target of antimicrobial chemicals?
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complement
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an antimicrobial chemical; a group of at least 20 plasma proteins; they are activated (begin working as a group) when they encounter and attach to pathogens and lyse them
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interferon
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an antimicrobial chemical; secreted proteins of virus-infected cells; they bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit viruses binding
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fever
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when you have an abnormally high body temperature this protects the body: 1. high temperatures slow the release of iron and zinc from the liver and spleen which are needed by the bacteria 2. it increase the speed of tissue repair
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humoral and cellular immunity
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these are the 2 different types of immunity
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humoral immunity
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antibody-mediated immunity; this is where cells produce chemicals for defense
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cellular immunity
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cell-mediated immunity; this is where cells target virus infected cells
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no
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do our immune cells attack our own proteins?
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when our cells are donated and are foreign in another person's body
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when will our immune cells attack other human proteins?
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lymphocytes
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an immune system cell; they originate from hemocytoblasts in the red bone marrow; T and B
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macrophages
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an immune system cell; these arise from monocytes and become widely distributed in lymphoid organs
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humoral (primary) immune response
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this is the process to produce antibodies: B lymphocytes with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen the binding event causes the growth of lots of that B lymphocyte a large number of clones are produced
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secondary immune response
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this includes memory cells that are long-lived; a second exposure causes a rapid response; this response is stronger and longer lasting than the first
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immunologic memory
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soluble proteins secreted by B cells (plasma cells); they are carried in the blood plasma; capable of binding specifically to an antigen; they may last a long time, in vaccinations
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active immunity
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when your B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies; can be acquired naturally and artificially
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passive immunity
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when your antibodies are obtained from someone else; naturally (mother to fetus) or artificially (immune serum, donations); immunological memory does not occur
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vaccinations
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these are used to prime the body and give it a strong secondary immune response; last long but not forever (tetanus shot every 10 years); not 100% effective
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antibody
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these cells fight antigens in the body
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cellular immune response
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this is when the presence of antigens causes several types of T-cells to be produced called T-cell clones
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immunoglobulin
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antibodies have 5 major ____ classes: IgM IgA IgD IgG IgE
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IgM
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the immunoglobulin class of antibodies that is involved in complement
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IgA
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the immunoglobulin class of antibodies that is found mainly in mucus
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IgD
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the immunoglobulin class of antibodies that is important in the activation of B cells
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IgG
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the immunoglobulin class of antibodies that can cross the placental barrier
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IgE
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the immunoglobulin class of antibodies that is involved in allergies
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helper T cells
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these cells recruit other cells to fight the invaders; they interact directly with B cells
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antigen specific
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a type of specific defense system that recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances
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systemic
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a type of specific defense system that is not restricted to the initial infection site
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memory
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the type of specific defense system that has this recognizes and mounts a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens
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nonself and self antigens
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these are the 2 types of antigens
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nonself antigens
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these are any substances capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response; they are bad
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nonself antigens
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these are examples of ____ antigens: foreign proteins nucleic acids large carbohydrates some lipids pollen grains microorganisms
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self antigens
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these are human cells that have many surface proteins; our immune cells do not attack our own proteins; they can restrict donors for transplants
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T lymphocytes
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these type of lymphocytes are found in the thymus
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B lymphocytes
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these type of lymphocytes are found in the red bone marrow; most of these become plasma; they produce antibodies to destroy antigens; they become long-lived memory cells
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