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The tension, discomfort, or physical symptoms that arise when a certain situation or stimulus in the environment strains our ability to cope effectively.

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Stress

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strains our ability to cope effectively

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Stressor

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has the potential to produce long-term psychological or health consequences

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Traumatic event

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this approach has succeeded in pinpointing categories of events that most ppl find dangerous and unpredictable, as well as the ppl who are most susceptible to stress following different events. Focuses on identifying different types of stressful events

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Stress as stimuli

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We can view stress as a ________ between people and their environments

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Transaction

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initial decision regarding whether an event is harmful

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Primary appraisal

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perceptions regarding our ability to cope with an event that follows primary appraisal

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Secondary appraisal

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Attempting to alleviate stress directly by changing the stressor or the way we interact with that stressor.

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Problem-focused coping

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attempting to alleviate stress by avoiding or ignoring a stressor and attending to emotional needs related to one's stress reaction

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Emotion-focused coping

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expose individual to stress and measure: psychological responses (stress-related feelings); physiological responses (heart-rate, blood pressure)

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Stress as a Response

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Stress hormones that activate the body and prepare us to respond to stressful circumstances. Produced by adrenal cortex. Heart rate and blood pressure release of these hormones.

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Corticosteroids

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The first of many efforts to measure life events systematically. Scored by adding the numbers to the right of each item experienced over the preceding 12 months

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Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

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minor annoyances or nuisances that strain our ability to cope

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Hassles

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Selye's concept of the body's adaptive response to stress in three stages--alarm, resistance, exhaustion

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General adaptation syndrome (GAS)

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Involves excitation of the automatic nervous system, the discharge of the stress hormone adrenaline, and physical symptoms of anxiety

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ALARM stage

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within a region of the midbrain - dubbed the emotional brain that consists of the amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus. (alarm stage)

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The Seat of Anxiety

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Structures in the ___________ are involved in the release of hormones like adrenaline that trigger anxiety. (alarm stage)

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Limbic system of the forebrain

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Blood pressure rises as adrenaline readies the fight-or-flight response that ____________ first described in 1915 (alarm stage)

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Walter Cannon

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After the initial rush of adrenaline, adapting to the stressor and finding ways to cope with it

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RESISTANCE stage

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Thinking Brain: Portions of the cerebral cortex Reminding yourself to breathe slowly and relax (part of the ___________)

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resistance stage

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When the stimulated flight ended, feeling more in control of fear

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EXHAUSTION stage

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Fight or flight, Tend and Befriend

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STRESS RESPONSES

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physical and psychological reaction that mobilizes people and animals to either defend themselves or escape a threatening situation

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Fight or flight

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Reaction that mobilizes people to nurture (tend) or seek social support (befriend) under stress (More common among women.)

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Tend or befriend

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our body's defence system against invading bacteria, viruses, and other potentially illness-producing organisms and substances

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Immune system

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Bacteria and viruses are called _________.

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Antigens

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Disease-producing organisms are called________

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Pathogens

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The _________ blocks the entry of many of these foreign invaders

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Skin

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________________ also rid our body of pathogens

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Saliva, urine, tears, perspiration, and stomach acid

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Two types of specialized white blood cells manufactured in the marrow of the bones

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Phagocytes and lymphocytes:

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a type of phagocyte , abundant, and is the first at the scene of an infection to engulf an invader

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Neutrophil

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a type of phagocyte, longer-lived, wander through the body as scavengers, sticking to and destroying remaining antigens and dead tissue

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Macrophages

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type of lymphocyte, move through the body and attach to proteins on the surface of virus- and cancer-infected cells after an initial infection and promote an efficient response upon reinfection

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T-cells (killer t-cells

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type of lymphocyte, produce proteins called antibodies, which stick to the surface of the invader, slow its progress, and attract other proteins that destroy the foreign organism

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B-cells

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a life-threatening, incurable, yet treatable condition in which the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) attacks and damages the immune system

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Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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When the immune system is ___________, it can launch an attack on various organs of the body, causing ________ diseases like arthritis, multiple sclerosis (immune system attacks the protective myelin sheath surrounding neurons

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Overactive; Autoimmune

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The study of the relationship between the immune system and central nervous system

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Psychoneuroimmunology

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illnesses such as asthma and ulcers in which emotions and stress contribute to, maintain, or aggravate the physical condition

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Psychophysiological

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The view that an illness or medical condition is the product of the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors

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Biopsychosocial perspective

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damage to the heart from the complete or partial blockage of the arteries that provide oxygen to the heart. (The number one cause of death and disability in the US)

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Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

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waxy, fatty substance that travels in the bloodstream - collects in the walls of arteries, narrowing and blocking the coronary arteries, creating a condition called Atherosclerosis

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Cholesterol

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when it worsens, it can lead to chest pain and the deterioration of heart tissue, aka HEART ATTACK

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Atherosclerosis

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In addition to stress, researchers have suggested that longstanding behaviour patterns or traits contribute to risk for CHD

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THE ABC'S of PERSONALITY IN CHD

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Personality type that describes people who are competitive, driven, hostile , and ambitious

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Type A Personality

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describes people who simultaneously experience strong negative emotions and inhibit expression of these emotions

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Type D Personality (D stands for distressed)

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He developed a test called the DS14 with 14 items that assess "negative affectivity" (worry, irritability, dysphoria, gloom) and "social inhibition" (discomfort in social interactions, reticence, and a lack of social poise).

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John Denollet (2005)

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To qualify as a ___________ personality, a person must score highly on both negative affectivity and social inhibition.

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Type D

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medical condition in which breathing becomes difficult when the bronchial tubes in the lungs become inflamed, spasm, and are clogged with mucus

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Asthma

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Inflamed area in the stomach lining that can cause pain, nausea, and loss of apetite

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Peptic Ulcer

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Relationships with ppl and groups that can provide us with emotional comfort and personal and financial resources

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Social Support

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the ability to step up and do something to reduce the impact of a stressful situation. (Problem-focused coping)

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Behavioural Control

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avoiding action to solve our problems or giving up hope

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Avoidance-oriented coping

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The ability to cognitively restructure or think differently about negative emotions that arise in response to stress-provoking events (Includes emotion-focused coping)

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Cognitive Control

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The ability to choose among alternative courses of action (ex: consulting with trusted friends about which classes to take, or what surgeon for an operation)

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Decisional Control

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The ability to acquire information about a stressful event. Ie: knowing what kind of questions are on the SAT exams so we can prepare for them (Engages in proactive coping: anticipation of problems and stressful situations that promotes effective coping)

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Informational Control

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The ability to suppress and express emotions

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Emotional Control

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disclosing painful feelings. "get it out of your system, get things off your chest" (can be harmful)

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Catharsis

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The ability to adjust coping strategies as the situation demands is critical to contending with many stressful situations

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Flexible Coping

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Set of attitudes marked by a sense of control over events, commitment to life and work, and courage and motivation to confront stressful events. (Salvatore Maddi)

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Hardiness

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__________ people view change as a challenge rather than a threat, are committed to life and work, and believe they can control events.

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Hardy

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Search for sacred which may or may not extend to belief in God

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Spirituality

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focusing on how bad we feel and endlessly analyzing the causes and consequences of our problems

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Ruminating

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Field of psychology that integrates the behavioural sciences with the practice of medicine

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Health Psychology

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Health Care practices and products used in place of conventional medicine

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Alternative Medicine

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Health care practices and products used along with conventional medicine

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Complementary Medicine

Ch. 12 Stress, Coping, and Health – Flashcards

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