Flashcards About Ch 12 Review
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bulbourethral glands
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Small, bulblike glands below the prostate that secrete mucus into the urethra during ejaculation. Also known as Cowper's glands.
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ejaculation
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Sudden expulsion of semen from the penis during sexual arousal of the male
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ejaculatory duct
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Duct that collects semen from both the vas deferens and the seminal vesicles and empties into the urethra during ejaculation
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epididymis
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Long, coiled tube on the outer wall of each testis. It receives spermatozoa from the seminiferous tubules, stores them, and destroys defective spermatozoa.
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external genitalia
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Scrotum, testes, epididymides, penis, and urethra.
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flagellum
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The long tail on a spermatozoon that propels it and makes it motile
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FSH
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Follicle-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. It causes the seminiferous tubules of the testes to enlarge during puberty.
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gamete
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A cell (ovum or spermatozoon) that has 23 chromosomes instead of the usual 46 chromosomes like other cells of the body
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genital organs
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Male internal and external genitalia
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genitourinary system
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Two closely related body systems that share some of the same structures: the male genital system and the urinary system. Also known as the urogenital system.
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gonads
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The male sex glands (i.e., the testes)
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inguinal canal
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Passageway in the groin area through which the testes travel as they descend from the abdomen to the scrotum. The open canal closes snugly around the spermatic cord at birth or shortly thereafter.
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internal genitalia
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Vas deferens, seminal vesicals, ejaculatory ducts, and prostate gland in the pelvic cavity
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interstitial cells
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Special cells between the seminiferous tubules of the testes. These cells secrete testosterone when stimulated by luteinizing hormone (LH).
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LH
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Luteinizing hormone from the anterior pituitary gland. It causes the interstitial cells of the testes to secrete testosterone.
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lumen
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Central open area throughout the length of a tube or duct (such as the seminiferous tubule, vas deferens, ejaculatory duct, or urethra)
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meiosis
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Process by which a spermatocyte reduces the number of chromosomes in its nucleus to 23, or half the normal number, to create gametes
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mitosis
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Process by which most body cells reproduce. The 46 chromosomes in the nucleus duplicate, and then split, creating two identical cells each with 46 chromosomes.
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penis
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Organ of erectile tissue that fills with blood during male sexual arousal. The corpora cavernosa are two columns of tissue that fill with blood along the upper surface of the penis. The corpus spongiosum is a column of tissue that fills with blood on the underside of the penis. The urethra travels through the corpus spongiosum. During sexual arousal, the penis becomes firm and erect (an erection).
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perineum
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Area of skin between the anus and where the scrotum attaches to the body
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prostate gland
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Round gland at the base of the bladder. It surrounds the first part of the urethra. It produces prostatic fluid that contributes to the volume of semen.
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puberty
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Period of time when FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland first begin to stimulate the testes. The male sexual characteristics develop, and there is a growth spurt. Also known as adolescence.
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scrotum
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Pouch of skin that holds the two testes
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semen
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Fluid expelled from the penis during ejaculation. Semen contains spermatozoa, seminal fluid, prostatic fluid, and mucus from the bulbourethral glands.
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seminal vesicles
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Glands along the posterior wall of the bladder that secrete seminal fluid, a source of energy for the spermatozoa and the main component of semen
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seminiferous tubules
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Tubules within each testis where spermatozoa develop
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spermatic cord
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Muscular tube that contains arteries, veins, and nerves for each testis as well as the vas deferens. It passes through the inguinal canal.
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spermatocyte
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Immature spermatozoon in the wall of the seminiferous tubule.
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spermatogenesis
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Process of producing a mature spermatozoon through the processes of mitosis and meiosis
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spermatozoon
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An individual mature sperm. It contains 23 chromosomes and is known as a gamete. Also known as sperm.
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testes
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Small, egg-shaped glands in the scrotum. Also known as the testicles. They contain interstitial cells that secrete testosterone. They also contain the seminiferous tubules that produce spermatozoa.
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testosterone
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Most abundant and most biologically active of the male sex hormones secreted by the testes. It causes the development of the male sex char-' acteristics during puberty. Testosterone produces mature spermatozoa.
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vas deferens
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Long tube that receives spermatozoa from the epididymis and carries them to the seminal vesicles. Also known as the ductus deferens.
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cryptorchism
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Failure of one or both of the testicles to descend through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. This causes a low sperm count and male infertility. Also known as cryptorchidism. Treatment: Orchiopexy.
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epididymitis
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Inflammation and infection of the epididymis. Caused by a bacterial urinary tract infection or sexually transmitted diseases like gonorrhea or Chlamydia. Treatment: Antibiotic drugs.
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infertility
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Failure to conceive after at least one year of regular intercourse. Can be caused by hormonal imbalance involving FSH or LH, undescended testicles, genetic abnormalities, damage to the testes from mumps, infection, abnormalities of the spermatozoa, and other causes. Treatment: Correct the underlying cause.
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oligospermia
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Less than normal amount of spermatozoa produced by the testes. This results in male infertility. Caused by a hormone imbalance or an undescended testicle. Treatment: Correct the underlying cause.
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orchitis
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Inflammation or infection of the testes. Caused by a bacterium, the mumps virus, or trauma. Treatment: Antibiotic drugs for a bacterial infection. An antibiotic drug is not effective against a virus.
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testicular cancer
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Cancerous tumor of one of the testes. Almost all of these arise from abnormal spermatocytes, not from the tubules or connective tissue of the testes. Also known as a seminoma. Treatment: Chemotherapy and orchiectomy.
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varicocele
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Varicose vein in the spermatic cord to the testis. The valves in the vein leak, allowing blood to back up in them. This causes pooling of the blood. The vein becomes distended and painful. A varicocele can cause a low sperm count and infertility. Treatment: Varicocelectomy.
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benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH)
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Benign, gradual enlargement of the prostate gland that normally occurs as a man ages. The enlarged prostate compresses the urethra and causes the bladder to retain urine. Symptoms include hesitancy and dribbling on urination and a weak urine stream. Treatment: Drugs to decrease the size of the prostate. Surgery: Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
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cancer of the prostate gland
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Cancerous tumor of the prostate gland. This malignancy is the most common cancer in men. There are few early symptoms, but the cancer grows slowly. Later the cancer makes the prostate feel hard or nodular on digital rectal examination. Treatment: Radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or prostatectomy.
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prostatitis
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Acute or chronic bacterial infection of the prostate gland. Caused by a urinary tract infection or a sexually transmitted disease. Treatment: Antibiotic drug.
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balanitis
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Inflammation and infection of the glans penis caused by bacterium, virus, yeast, or fungus. Often associated with phimosis and inadequate hygiene of the prepuce. Treatment: Antibiotic drug.
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chordee
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Downward curvature of the penis during erection. Caused by a constricting, cordlike band of tissue along the underside of the penis. Congenital abnormality often associated with hypospadias. Treatment: Surgical correction.
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dyspareunia
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Painful or difficult sexual intercourse or postcoital pain. Caused by a penile or prostatic infection, chordee of the penis, or phimosis. Treatment: Correct the underlying cause.
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erectile dysfunction (ED)
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Inability to achieve or sustain an erection of the penis. Can be caused by cardiovascular disease that impedes blood flow to the penis, neurological disease (such as spinal cord injury) that impairs sensory stimuli and innervation, a low level of testosterone, the side effects of drugs, or psychological factors. Also known as impotence. Treatment: Drugs to stimulate an erection, penile implant.
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phimosis
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Congenital condition in which the opening of the foreskin is too small to allow the foreskin to pull back over the glans penis. This traps smegma (a white, cheesy, discharge of skin cells and oil) and can cause an infection. Treatment; Circumcision.
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premature ejaculation
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Ejaculation of semen that often occurs with minimal stimulation and before the penis becomes fully erect to penetrate the vagina. This lessens the enjoyment of sexual intercourse and decreases the chance of conception. Can be caused by a hormonal imbalance but more often by stress or a psychological reason. Treatment: Correct the underlying cause.
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priapism
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Continuing erection of the penis with pain and tenderness. Caused by spinal cord injury or a side effect of drugs to treat erectile dysfunction. Treatment: Correct the underlying cause.
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sexually transmitted disease (STD)
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Contagious disease that is contracted during sexual intercourse with an infected individual (see Table 12-1). A positive test for a sexually transmitted disease means that the patient and all sexual partners need to be treated. Sexually transmitted diseases, which can also be passed to the newborn infant in utero or as it travels through the birth canal, can cause serious illness, blindness, and even death. Also known as venereal disease (VD). Treatment: Antibiotic drugs or antiviral drugs.
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Chlamydia Pathogen Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Other
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Chlamydia trachomatis, a gram-negative coccus (sphere-shaped) bacterium Men: Painful urination with burning and itching. Thin, watery discharge from the urethra. May have no symptoms. Women: Frequently have no symptoms or slight vaginal discharge Smear of discharge from urethra (men) or cervix (women) Oral antibiotic drugs Most common sexually transmitted disease. Also known as nongonococcal urethritis.
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genital herpes Pathogen Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment
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Herpes simplex virus (HSV), type 2 Men: Vesicular lesions (blisters) on the penis, scrotum, perineum, or anus. When the blisters break, they become skin ulcers. There may oe flu-like symptoms or no symptoms at all. Women: Same, on the vulva, perineum, anus, or vagina Culture grown from swab of lesion, polymerase chain reaction test Topical and oral antiviral drugs shorten the duration of each outbreak
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genital warts (condylomata acuminata) Pathogen Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Other
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Human papillomavirus (HPV) Certain strains cause genital warts; other strains cause dysplasia of the cervix which can lead to cervical cancer in women Men: Itching, flesh-colored, irregular lesions that are raised and cauliflower-like Women: Same, with vaginal discharge Visual examination of the skin of the genital area. In women, a Pap smear examined under the microscope. Topical chemicals or cryosurgery, cautery, or laser to remove warts Also known as venereal warts
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gonorrhea Pathogen Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae, a gram-negative diplococcus (double sphere) bacterium. Also known as gonococcus (GC). Men: Painful urination. Thick yellow urethral discharge (gonococcal urethritis). Some men have no symptoms. Women: Painful urination. Thick yellow vaginal discharge. Half of infected women have no symptoms. Gram-stained smear of discharge shows characteristic intracellular diplococci under the microscope Culture grown from a swab of discharge from urethra (men) or cervix (women) Oral antibiotic drug
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acquired iminunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
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a retrovirus Symptoms Men: Fever, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue Women: Same Diagnosis Blood test for antibodies to HIV Treatment Oral antiviral drugs taken in combination Other Treatment can only slow the progress of this disease; there is no cure syphilis Pathogen Treponema pallidum, a spirochete (spiral) bacterium Symptoms Men: Single, painless chancre (lesion that ulcerates, forms a crust, and then heals) on the penis. Later symptoms include fever, rash, and various symptoms that mimic other diseases. Women: Same, with chancre on female genitalia Diagnosis Fluid from a lesion viewed with special illumination under darkfield microscopy shows the spiral bacterium Blood tests for antibodies (RPR, VDRL) Treatment Oral antibiotic drug
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gynecomastia
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Enlargement of the male breast. Caused by an imbalance of testosterone and estradiol because of puberty, aging, surgical removal of the testes, or estrogen drug treatment for prostate cancer. Treatment: Androgen drug. Plastic surgery to decrease breast size.
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acid phosphatase
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Blood test for an enzyme found mostly in the prostate gland (small amounts are found in some other body structures as well). Prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP) only measures acid phosphatase from the prostate gland as opposed to the total acid phosphatase level. Increased levels in the blood indicate cancer of the prostate that has metastasized to the body.
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hormone testing
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Blood test to determine the levels of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland and testosterone from the testes. Used to diagnose infertility problems.
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prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
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Blood test that detects a glycoprotein in cells of the prostate gland. PSA is increased in men with prostate cancer. The higher the level, the more advanced the cancer. PSA levels fall after successful treatment of the cancer.
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syphilis testing
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Blood tests include RPR, VDRL, and FTA-ABS. RPR stands for rapid plasma reagin. VDRL stands for Venereal Disease Reseach Laboratory. These tests detect an antibody that may be produced by the body during an infection with syphilis; however, it can be produced during other diseases as well. FTA-ABS stands for fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption. This test detects the body's specific antibodies against syphilis.
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acid phosphatase
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There are concentrated levels of acid phosphatase in semen. The pres-! ence of acid phosphatase in the vagina indicates intercourse and is used : in rape investigations.
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DNA analysis
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DNA analysis of semen from a crime scene or rape victim can be com-> pared to the samples of known DNA in a criminal database.
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semen analysis
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Microscopic examination of the spermatozoa (see Figure 12-8 ■). A semen analysis is done as part of a workup for infertility. After not ejaculating for 36 hours, the man gives a semen specimen. A normal sperm count is greater than 50 million/mL. The motility (forward movement) and morphology (normal shape) of the spermatozoa are evaluated. A semen analysis is also done after a vasectomy to verify aspermia and a successful sterilization.
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ProstaScint scan
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Nuclear medicine procedure that uses ProstaScint to detect areas of metastasis from a primary site of prostate cancer. ProstaScint is a combination of a radioactive tracer (indium-111) and a monoclonal antibody that binds to receptors on cancer cells in the prostate gland and elsewhere in the body. The radioactive tracer emits gamma rays that are detected by a gamma scintillation camera and made into an image.
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ultrasonography
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Radiologic procedure that uses ultra high-frequency sound waves emitted by a transducer or probe to produce an image. Ultrasonography of the testis uses an ultrasound transducer that is moved across the scrotum to detect a hydrocele or varicocele. Transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) uses an ultrasound probe inserted into the rectum to obtain an image of the prostate gland or help guide a needle biopsy of the prostate gland. The ultrasound image is known as a sonogram.
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digital rectal examination (DRE)
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Medical procedure to palpate the prostate gland. A gloved finger inserted through the rectum is used to feel for tenderness, nodules, hardness, or enlargement. This examination should be done yearly in men over age 40.
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newborn genital examination
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The newborn's genitalia are examined for any evidence of hypospadias, epispadias, phimosis, ambiguous genitalia, or undescended testicles (see Figure 12-9B). L - I ; V Figure 12-9 a Newborn scrotal examination. The scrotum is palpated during the initial physical assessment of a I ' JH| newborn. Both testes should be ■ JFjj descended and present in the ■IHf f / scrotum at birth.
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testicular self-examination (TSE)
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Systematic palpation of the testes and scrotum to detect lumps, masses, or enlarged lymph nodes. TSE should be done monthly to detect early signs of testicular cancer.
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biopsy
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Surgical procedure to remove tissue from the prostate to diagnose prostatic cancer. A large-bore needle is inserted through the rectum or urethra to take a core of prostatic tissue. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of the testis is performed to investigate a low sperm count. A very fine needle is inserted and a syringe is used to aspirate tissue. An incisional biopsy (open biopsy) is performed when a mass is felt in a testis.
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circumcision
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Surgical procedure to remove the prepuce (foreskin). This can be done to correct a tight prepuce and allow better hygiene of the glans penis. The foreskin in newborn babies is often removed because of social customs or religious requirements.
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orchiectomy
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Surgical procedure to remove a testis because of testicular cancer.
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orchiopexy
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Surgical procedure to reposition an undescended testicle and fix it within the scrotum.
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penile implant
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Surgical procedure to implant an inflatable penile prosthesis for patients with erectile dysfunction.
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prostatectomy
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Surgical procedure to remove the entire prostate gland, lymph nodes, seminal vesicles, and vas deferens because of prostate cancer. A retropubic or a suprapubic surgical approach can be used.
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transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
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Surgical procedure to reduce the size of the prostate gland. A special cystoscope known as a resectoscope is inserted through the urethra. It has built-in cutting instruments and cautery to resect pieces of the prostate and cauterize bleeding vessels. Chips of prostatic tissue are then irrigated out.
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vasectomy
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Surgical procedure in the male to prevent pregnancy in the female. Through a small incision at the base of the scrotum, both vas deferens are divided, a length of each tube is removed, and the cut ends are sutured and crushed or electrocoagulated. Spermatozoa continue to be produced by the testes, but they are absorbed back into the body. A vasovasostomy is a reversal of a vasectomy. The cut ends of the vas deferens are rejoined so that spermatozoa are again present in the ejaculate and the woman can become pregnant.
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androgen drugs
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Treat a lack of production of testosterone by Virilon the testes because of cryptorchidism, surgical removal of the testes, or decreased levels of LH from the anterior pituitary gland. Androgen refers to testosterone produced by the testes, other testosterone-like hormones, or manufactured testosterone used in drugs.
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antibiotic drugs
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Treat infections of the male genitourinary ampicillin, amoxicillin, system and sexually transmitted diseases erythromycin, Vibramycin caused by bacteria. Antibiotic drugs are not effective against viral infections.
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antiviral drugs
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Treat viral infections that cause genital Aldara, Condylox, Zovirax herpes and condylomata acuminata. These Combivir, Hivid, Retrovir drugs are applied topically to the affected (for HIV or AIDS) areas; oral antiviral drugs are used to treat HIV and AIDS.
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chemotherapy drugs
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Kill rapidly dividing cancer cells in the testes Bleomycin, cisplatin, VePesid, or prostate gland. Other drugs block testos- Velban terone or are estrogen drugs; both produce Estrogen, Eulexin, Taxol, an unfavorable hormonal environment for Zoladex (for prostatic cancer) cancer.
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drugs for benign prostatic hypertrophy
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Inhibit the enzyme that causes the prostate Proscar gland to enlarge. Other drugs relax the Flomax, Hytrin smooth muscle in the prostate gland and urethra and allow urine to flow more freely.
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drugs that produce an erection
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Inhibit a substance that would limit blood ; Cialis, Levitra, Viagra flow into the penis for an erection.
