Ch.10 Developmental – Flashcards
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Which best defines a language? a. Limited number of signals producing infinite number of messages b. Unlimited number of signals producing infinite number of messages c. Limited number of signals producing finite number of messages d. Unlimited number of signals producing finite number of messages
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A
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All forms of language are a. spoken. c. inherited. b. based on some agreed-upon set of rules. d. gesture-based.
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B
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The basic units of sound in a given language are called a. phonemes. c. semantics. b. pragmatics. d. morphemes.
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A
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How many of the following ("d," "da," "dada," "daddy") are phonemes? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4
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A
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_____ are the basic units of meaning in a language a. Phonemes c. Morphemes b. Syntax d. Intonation
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C
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Which word consists of three morphemes? a. Cat c. Previewing b. Volcano d. Breakfast
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C
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How many morphemes are there in the word football? a. 1 c. 3 b. 2 d. 4
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B
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The systematic rules for forming sentences is referred to as a. phonology. c. syntax. b. prosody. d. pragmatics.
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c
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The sentence, "I the text read Chapter 10 in" violates the English rules of a. syntax. c. joint attention. b. pragmatics. d. morphology.
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a
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Shakespeare turned in a paper in his English composition class. The teacher returned it with a note that he needs to work on sentence structure (i.e., the order in which words are placed in a sentence). To which aspect of language does this comment refer? a. Phonology c. Prosody b. Morphology d. Syntax
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d
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When someone says, "It's a matter of semantics," they are referring to the _____ of a sentence. a. context c. length b. meaning d. syllables
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b
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When Jasmine says, "That song makes me blue." Her friend Rice says, "You don't look like a different color to me." Rice's failure to understand that in certain context the word "blue" in English means depressed illustrates a lack of _____ understanding. a. morpheme c. prosody b. syntactic d. semantic
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d
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Frances brings home a math assignment from kindergarten and shows it to her Mom, who says, "Wow, Frances, that assignment looks really rough!" Frances runs her hand over the paper and says, "No, Mommy, it's not rough; it's smooth!" Which aspect of language is causing Frances and her Mommy to have some communication difficulties? a. Semantics c. Phonology b. Pragmatics d. Syntax
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a
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Which linguistic concept is best defined as an understanding of the rules concerning the appropriate use of language in different social context? a. Prosody c. Holophrasing b. Pragmatics d. Syntax
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b
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When four-year-old Methuselah sees an elderly gentleman enter a store, he screams, "Mommy, look at that old man who looks like he should be dead!" The fact that Methuselah does not yet realize that such statements are socially inappropriate indicates that he lacks a complete understanding of the _____ of language. a. semantics c. prosody b. syntax d. pragmatics
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d
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Prosody involves _____ sounds are produced. a. when c. how b. where d. why
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c
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Nina's mom has been warning her about the danger of playing with her balloon near a burning candle. Suddenly, the balloon hits the flame and explodes. Nina's mom looks at her and says, "I hope that you are happy," but because of the tone of her voice, her mom is really saying, "See, I told you to watch out!" This use of tone to change the meaning of a sentence provides a good example of the concept of a. word segmentation. c. overregulation. b. syntactic bootstrapping. d. prosody.
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d
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Which aspect of speech involves the melody, intonation, or timing of a word production? a. Semantics c. Syntax b. Prosody d. Morphology
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b
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The fact that eight-month-old Robin recognizes that the sentence, "There is a bird in the tree" has seven distinct words indicates that she understands a. intonation. c. word segmentation. b. overextension. d. holophrases.
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c
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Word segmentation is best defined as the number of a. letters in a word. c. distinct words in a sentence. b. distinct sounds in a word. d. sentences in a paragraph.
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c
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A "coo" is best defined as a _____ sound. a. vowel-like c. meaningful b. consonant-plus-vowel d. crying
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a
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Most infants begin cooing about 6-8 _____ after birth. a. hours c. weeks b. days d. months
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c
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Six-week-old Beck is lying in his crib and making a melodic sound that might be described as an "ooooh." Beck is best thought of as currently a. babbling. c. cooing. b. using pragmatics. d. holophrasing.
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c
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Most infants begin babbling about 3-4 _____ after birth. a. hours c. weeks b. days d. months
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d
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A "babble" is best defined as a _____ sound. a. vowel-like c. meaningful b. consonant-plus-vowel d. crying
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b
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Six-month-old Emir is sitting in his car seat and repeatedly saying "na na na na na." Emir is best described as a. babbling. c. cooing. b. using pragmatics. d. holophrasing.
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a
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Which statement is true? a. At five months of age, deaf and hearing children from all cultures make similar sounds. b. At five months of age, deaf and hearing children produce very different sounds. c. At five months of age, children from different cultures produce very different sounds. d. At five months of age, deaf children produce no sounds while hearing children produce many sounds.
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a
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In most one-year-olds, a. language comprehension typically precedes language production. b. language production typically precedes language comprehension. c. language comprehension and language production occur simultaneously. d. neither language comprehension nor language production is readily apparent.
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a
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One-year-old Van Damn's ability to learn the meaning of words has been greatly enhanced by the fact that his dad, Claude, often points and repeatedly names objects that are around Van Damn. Claude's teaching style best reflects the process of a. intonation. c. joint attention. b. vocabulary spurt. d. decontextualized language.
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c
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Concerning language development, joint attention is best defined as occurring when a. a baby and parent view an object together. b. a parent directs a child's gaze to an object and names the object for the child. c. two infants repeat the same nonsense word. d. the same word is used to describe several unrelated objects.
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a
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When using syntactic bootstrapping, a child a. uses a word's placement in a sentence to help determine its meaning. b. generates a one-word utterance that has the meaning of a full sentence. c. uses a grammar rule in an inappropriate manner (e.g., uses the "-ed" which means past tense on a word like "run" to create the word "runned"). d. is able to immediately connect a word in one language to its counterpart in a second language.
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a
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Nadine's father says, "Look at that ferret with that man." She has never before heard the term "ferret," but because of where the term occurred in her dad's statement, she is sure that it refers the little furry animal that the man has on a leash. Nadine's ability to ascertain the meaning of the word "ferret" was accomplished using a. overextension. c. telegraphic speech. b. syntactic bootstrapping. d. emergent literacy.
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b
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Which is the typical order of linguistic attainment (from earliest to latest)? a. Coo, then babble, then word, then holophrase b. Babble, then coo, then word, then holophrase c. Coo, then babble, then holophrase, then word d. Babble, then coo, then holophrase, then word
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a
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In a holophrase, a. a single word conveys the meaning of an entire sentence. b. the same word is used for many objects in an environment. c. an infant makes vocalizations consisting only of vowel sounds. d. a vocalization is produced, but it has no meaning.
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a
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Joel reaches up to Daddy with waving outstretched arms and says "Up!" meaning "Daddy, pick me up!" This is an example of a. underextension. c. a holophrase. b. echolalia. d. babbling.
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c
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Nelson (1973) found that the majority of words found in the vocabularies of one-year-olds were a. verbs concerning actions of people who were familiar to the child. b. verbs concerning actions of people who were unfamiliar to the child. c. nouns representing objects or people who were unfamiliar to the child. d. nouns representing objects or people who were familiar to the child.
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d
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Eighteen-month-old Gavin has just learned 10 new words in the past week. This brings his total vocabulary to 30 words. Gavin is best described as a. babbling. c. overextending. b. experiencing a vocabulary spurt. d. acquiring metalinguistic awareness.
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b
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Toddlers substantially increase their vocabulary when they a. have an older sibling to whom they can listen. b. turn one year of age. c. attend preschool. d. realize that everything has a name.
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d
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Overextension occurs when a person a. uses the same word to describe too wide a range of objects. b. initially learns all the letters of the alphabet. c. cannot understand the relationship between the sound for a word and the object it represents. d. uses many words to describe a single object.
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a
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Two-year-old Tonka calls every four-wheeled vehicle he sees "truck." This is an example of a. overextension. c. telegraphic speech. b. overregularization. d. social speech.
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a
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Underextension occurs when a child uses a a. term from a nonnative language. c. word too narrowly. b. sign instead of a spoken word. d. verb in the place of a noun.
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c
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Reserving the use of the word "puppy" to refer only to the dog at home and not other dogs is an example of a. babbling. c. underextension. b. functional grammar. d. overextension.
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c
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Though 18-month-old Saturn knows the word "car," she only uses it when referring to her mother's sedan (i.e., she does not use it to describe any other vehicle). Saturn's linguistic limitation is best described as involving a. underextension. c. telegraphic speech. b. overregularization. d. overextension.
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a
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Underextension is most likely the result of a toddler's limited a. vocabulary size. c. phonetic ability. b. joint attention. d. pragmatic skills.
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a
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A vocabulary dominated by phrases or words like _____ would indicate that a child is using an expressive style of language acquisition. a. "kitty, horsy, puppy" c. "elevator, escalator, navigator" b. "stop, go, now" d. "I like cake, watch TV, I am two"
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d
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When a person speaks using several critical content words but does not actually use full sentences, he or she is said to be engaging in a. underextension. c. babbling. b. telegraphic speech. d. joint attention.
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b
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Which is the best example of telegraphic speech? a. "Baabaa" c. "Want bottle" b. "Bottle" d. "I would like you to hand me the bottle"
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c
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Functional grammar emphasizes the _____ relations between words. a. semantic c. phonological b. morphological d. intonation
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a
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Logan has just realized that the phrase "daddy run" can mean both "daddy is going for a run" and "can I go for a run with daddy." This realization best illustrates the acquisition of a. overregulation. c. metalinguistic awareness. b. functional grammar. d. child-directed speech.
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b
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Applying language rules to cases in which the rule is not appropriate defines the concept of a. joint attention. c. telegraphic speech. b. overregularization. d. holophrasing.
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b
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Dumbo and his Dad are at the zoo. "Look at those huge foots!" exclaims Dumbo, as they watch an elephant in its cage. Dumbo's error in speech best demonstrates a. overregularization. c. overextension. b. telegraphic speech. d. holophrasing.
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a
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Rachel stubs her toe and says "Ouch! I hurted myself!" This is an example of a. animism. c. overregularization. b. metacognition. d. overextension.
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c
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Transformation grammar is best associated with rules of a. phonology. c. morphology. b. semantics. d. syntax.
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d
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John has just developed the ability to convert a declarative sentence (e.g., "I like pizza") into both a question (e.g., "Do I like eating pizza?") and an imperative (e.g., "I must eat pizza!"). This would indicate that he now is aware of a. overregulation. c. overextension. b. functional grammar. d. transformation grammar.
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d
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Changes in language use during preschool and early elementary school years typically include a. decreased use of decontextualized language. b. decreased vocabulary size. c. increased babbling. d. increased use of transformational grammar rules.
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d
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Which question demonstrates the correct placement of the auxiliary verb? a. "How pig?" c. "How can the pig oink?" b. "How big pig?" d. "How big the pig is?"
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c
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The typical first-grader would begin school with a vocabulary of around _____ words. a. 500 c. 5,000 b. 1,000 d. 10,000
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d
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Metalinguistic awareness is best defined as a. vocabulary size. b. rules for appropriately using language in social settings. c. knowledge of language as a system. d. an innate system for understanding language.
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c
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Which is the best example of metalinguistic awareness? a. Being able to pronounce all the phonemes in a language b. Becoming less egocentric and then becoming better able to understand the meaning of selfishness c. Confusing a "w" with an "m" and reading "wow" as "mom" d. Using the term "truck" when referring to all wheeled vehicles (e.g., trucks, cars, motorcycles)
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b
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Due to a slight hearing loss, 90-year-old Tiger has begun to have trouble differentiating some English sounds. For example, thelast time he was golfing, his partner said "nice putt," but Tiger thought he said "nice butt." This difficulty is best thought of as a deficiency in a. morphology. c. syntax. b. phonology. d. intonation.
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b
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Older adults experience all of the following changes in language EXCEPT a. they use less complex sentences than younger adults do. b. they show refinements in the pragmatic use of language. c. their knowledge of semantics increases. d. their knowledge of grammar decreases.
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d
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The increasing "tip-of-the-tongue" experience in older age is most likely the result of the a. inability to retrieve a word stored in memory. b. permanent loss of a word from memory. c. reduced speed of access to items in sensory memory. d. lack of ability to encode new words into memory.
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a
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Concerning language, Broca's area is to Wenicke's area as a. visual is to auditory. c. syntax is to semantics. b. production is to comprehension. d. left hemisphere is to right hemisphere.
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b
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As a neurobiologist, Dr. Proctor would be most likely to utilize ____ as an assessment tool. a. MMPIs c. APGARs b. ERPs d. MIDs
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b
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Researchers have shown that individuals who are better able to learn new words show more connectivity between their left and right a. supramarginal gyrus. c. adrenal medulla. b. pons. d. reticular formation.
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a
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The main role of the arcuate fasciculus is to help produce a. memories. c. achievement motivation. b. mathematical analysis. d. speech.
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d
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Which is a type of language disorder? a. Aphasia c. Dysphoria b. Apoptosis d. Anoxia
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a
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Carter has been diagnosed with aphasia. What symptom is he most likely exhibiting? a. Difficulty in maintaining his balance b. Difficulty in retrieving an autobiographical memory c. Difficulty in repeating a sentence he just heard d. Difficulty in scoring above average on an IQ test
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c
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What is the best summary of implications of neurobiological research on language? a. There is no doubt that language acquisition is impacted solely by heredity factors. b. There is no doubt that language acquisition is impacted by both heredity and environmental factors. c. There is no doubt that language acquisition is impacted solely by environmental factors. d. There is no doubt that the factors which underlie language acquisition cannot be identified.
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b
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Tyler argues that language is best explained in terms of a baby imitating the speech of her parents and being reinforced by parents for speaking words properly. These arguments best fit with the _____ perspective on language acquisition. a. constructivist c. humanist b. learning d. cognitive
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b
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Which best reflects the nurture-based research on language acquisition? a. Children only learn words that are directly spoken to them. b. Reinforcing a word does not increase the odds that a word will be learned. c. Frequent caregiver conversation involving questions encourages language development in children. d. Aphasia may be related to damage of arcuate fasciculus fibers.
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c
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Learning theory does the poorest job of explaining the _____ aspect of language development. a. morphology c. semantics b. phonology d. syntax
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d
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Which statement concerning language acquisition is true? a. Imitation alone can account for the learning of grammatical rules. b. Reinforcement alone can account for the learning of grammatical rules. c. Imitation and reinforcement together can account for the learning of grammatical rules. d. Imitation and reinforcement together cannot account for the learning of grammatical rules.
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d
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With regard to language learning, nativists believe that a. language is learned as a result of differential parental reinforcement. b. children learn language by listening, observing, and imitating. c. children are biologically programmed for language acquisition. d. the social environment plays the most critical role in language learning.
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c
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Universal grammar is best described as a. a list of the manner in which all words should be pronounced. b. the biological factor that limits the specific language (e.g., English, French) a newborn will acquire. c. the belief that there are an unlimited number of possibilities for forming language. d. a system of common rules and properties for learning any of the world's languages.
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d
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The fact that humans have a unique genetic capacity to learn language is best associated with the concept of a. metalinguistic awareness. c. mastery motivation. b. syntactic bootstrapping. d. universal grammar.
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d
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If you believe in a language acquisition device, then you believe that a. language is acquired mostly though the process of modeling. b. infants have an inborn brain mechanism for processing language. c. parental reinforcement can explain most of language acquisition. d. the most difficult part of language acquisition involves grasping the rules of language.
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b
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Which of the following claims does Chomsky make regarding language acquisition? a. Humans have an inborn knowledge of all components of language. b. Humans have an inborn mechanism for sifting through the language they hear and generating rules for that language. c. Humans simply imitate the sounds they hear. d. Humans must be exposed to language at a developmentally appropriate time in order for language to develop.
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b
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Chomsky asserts that humans have an inborn mechanism for mastering language. He calls this the a. executive grammar governor. c. language acquisition device. b. inborn language processor. d. programmed language center.
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c
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Which statement about the language acquisition device is FALSE? a. It is activated by exposure to language. b. It determines the language an infant speaks. c. It involves specific areas of the brain. d. It helps a child learn the specific language to which he or she is exposed.
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b
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From the nativist perspective, the language "learnability factor" states that children tend to acquire an incredibly complex communication system a. slowly and without formal instruction. b. slowly and only through formal instruction. c. rapidly and without formal instruction. d. rapidly and only through formal instruction.
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c
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Which finding would be most difficult to explain from the nativist perspective of language acquisition? a. The human brain contains areas that appear to be specifically designed to process language. b. Children progress through the same sequence in acquiring language skills and at roughly the same ages. c. Children exhibit remarkable cultural differences in early language learning. d. Overregularization and other characteristics of early language appear to be universal phenomena.
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c
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Research on the mastery of American Sign Language in Deaf students seems to support the rule, a. "the earlier, the better." b. "hearing and speaking are unrelated variables." c. "starting late is the way to go." d. "parents can't sign, kids can't sign."
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a
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In which areas does there appear to be a sensitive period? a. Only first spoken language b. Only spoken second language c. Only signed language d. First spoken, second spoken, and signed languages
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d
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Research on language acquisition among Deaf children has shown that a. Deaf infants "babble" in sign language in the same manner as hearing infants "babble" in spoken language. b. the sequence of language acquisition between Deaf children learning sign and hearing children learning spoken language are quite different. c. while hearing parents speak in child-directed speech, Deaf parents do not sign in a child-directed manner. d. the language areas of the brain developed in Deaf children exposed to sign language are in the opposite hemisphere of hearing children exposed to speech.
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a
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Which of the following is evidence for a critical period for language acquisition? a. Children denied access to language often have difficulty mastering language skills in later life. b. Deaf children who never hear language can learn to speak. c. Adults are more likely to acquire multiple languages than are children. d. Children do not acquire large vocabularies until they learn to read.
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a
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The FOXP2 gene has been shown to be connected with a. the development of aphasia. b. motor skills necessary from speech . c. significant hearing impairments. d. a malfunctioning language acquisition device.
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b
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Which type of theorist would be most likely to view language development as a combination of nature and nurture factors? a. Learning c. Interactionist b. Cognitive d. Nativist
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c
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When describing his ideas on language acquisition, Harlan says, "I believe that humans have a natural biological predisposition toward language and that the environment that the child is raised in also impacts the development of language skills." Given this description, Harlan appears to hold a(n) _____ perspective concerning the acquisition of language. a. nativist c. learning b. interactionist d. psychodynamic
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b
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The interactionist perspective concerning language acquisition is most like the position taken by a. Piaget. c. Chomsky. b. Bandura. d. Skinner.
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a
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Child-directed speech is best defined as a. a type of speech adults use with small children. b. a child's first words. c. a type of speech children use with adults. d. speech directed from one child to another.
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a
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When talking to their two-year-old, Steve and Eve typically use short, simple sentences, lots of repetition, and high-pitched voices. This sort of speech is known as a. abbreviated speech. c. child-directed speech. b. caretaker speech. d. telegraphic speech.
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c
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When Daisy is talking to her infant son, Duke, she tends to use a more high-pitched voice, slow speech, and short simple sentences. Daisy's speech would best be described as a. telegraphic. c. child-directed. b. holophrastic. d. underextended.
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c
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Young infants appear to pay more attention to speech characterized by a. low-pitch sounds and nonvaried intonation. b. low-pitch sounds and varied intonation. c. high-pitch sounds and nonvaried intonation. d. high-pitch sounds and varied intonation.
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d
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Catherine Snow and associates' study of Dutch-speaking children who watched a great deal of German television demonstrated that a. it is easy to acquire a second language via television. b. to learn a language, children must be actively involved with the language. c. German is significantly easier to learn than Dutch. d. bilingualism is inherited.
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b
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In speech, expansion is best defined as responses involving a. greater intonation. b. significant overregularization. c. more grammatically complete expressions. d. nontransformational grammar.
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c
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When her toddler holds her cup up and says, "Milk," her mother says, "You're ready for more milk." The mother's response is best described as an example of a. expansion. c. child-directed speech. b. holophrastic speech. d. babbling.
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a
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98. The intrinsic drive to be successful in one's environment defines a. mastery motivation. c. learned helplessness. b. external motivation. d. metalinguistic awareness.
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a
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Which is the best example of mastery motivation? a. Jerry's innate ability to understand phonemes b. Kramer's innate drive to succeed c. George's parents' rewards for his success in school d. Elaine's extremely large vocabulary
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b
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Mastery motivation tends to be found in children whose parents a. avoid sensory stimulation and teach the child that most events are due to fate or luck. b. provide sensory stimulation and teach the child that most events are due to fate or luck. c. avoid sensory stimulation but provide the opportunity for the child to see that children can control their environment. d. provide sensory stimulation and the opportunity for the child to see that children can control their environment
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d
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Which best summarizes Elkind's opinion on products like the "Baby Einstein" DVD and the "Baby Mozart" CD? a. Best idea ever. b. I have no opinion. c. Be careful as it may result in children with less self-initiation and intrinsic motivation. d. Great for teaching motivation, terrible at teaching information.
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c
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Research has shown that children in preschools with very strong academic orientations tend to be less _____ by the end of their kindergarten year. a. anxious c. negative toward schooling b. creative d. intelligent
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b
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Which group seems to gain the most benefit from being enrolled in quality preschool programs? a. Deaf children c. Male children b. Gifted children d. Disadvantaged children
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d
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Preschool programs that emphasize _____ appear to be of the most benefit to children, especially those from disadvantaged families. a. play but not academic skill-building b. academic skill-building but not play c. academic skill-building and play d. overregularization and academic skill-building
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c
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Individuals with high levels of achievement tend to attribute their success to _____ causes. a. internal and unstable c. external and unstable b. internal and stable d. external and stable
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b
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Individuals with high levels of mastery orientation _____ challenges and _____ in the face of failure. a. thrive on; quit c. thrive on; persist b. avoid; quit d. avoid; persist
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c
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Belmont has a high degree of mastery orientation. On his first psychology test, he scores 52 out of 100 (an "F"). What is his most likely reaction? a. He blames himself for being stupid. b. He blames himself for not studying. c. He blames the instructor for writing such a hard test. d. He doesn't care about his level of performance.
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c
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Erin has a high level of mastery orientation. Given this fact, her most likely response to failing a test would be to a. quit. b. blame her self. c. believe that trying harder on the next test will lead to failure. d. believe that trying harder on the next test will lead to success.
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d
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Jeff is a low achiever. After doing well on an exam, he is LEAST likely to say a. "Boy, did I get lucky!" c. "I really studied hard for that." b. "That was an easy test." d. "I knew I was smart enough!"
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d
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When attempting to learn to play football, Farve has great difficulty in throwing the odd-shaped ball. After several bad passes, he decides that he will never be good at football and gives up. Farve's behavior provides an excellent example of a. a helpless orientation. c. overregulation. b. high mastery motivation. d. an external motivation.
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a
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The tendency to avoid challenges is best associated with having a _____ orientation. a. mastery c. social-learning-theory b. helpless d. contextual
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b
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If you believe in mastery goals, then you believe that a. effort does not matter. b. you can learn to get better at a task. c. most abilities are inherited. d. superficial processing is the key to success.
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b
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Which statement would indicate that Elvis has adopted mastery goals concerning playing the guitar? a. "The key is to play better than my friend Costello." b. "If I can't learn to play, then I am a loser." c. "If I practice, I will get better." d. "Music is an innate talent."
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c
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The key motivation for someone with a strong sense of performance goals is to a. significantly improve his or her performance. b. process information as deeply as possible. c. feel shame when successful. d. be seen as smart and not dumb.
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d
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Giada's statement that she is trying to prove that she is a good cook, not that she can improve her cooking, reflects a _____ goals orientation. a. mastery c. performance b. learning d. integration
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c
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Maria has made a performance goal decision concerning her ability to play tennis. What is the most likely impact of this decision? a. She will try to prove that she can play tennis. b. She will feel little anxiety if she fails at tennis. c. She will not care how others play, but rather focus only on increasing her ability. d. She will avoid playing tennis.
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a
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When a student values a subject, a. neither motivation nor achievement levels tend to be higher b. both motivation and achievement levels tend to be higher c. motivation level, but not achievement level tends to be higher d. achievement level, but not motivation level tends to be higher
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b
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If Rachel wants to help her son Ray develop a mastery motivation orientation she should a. de-emphasize the importance of self-reliance. b. encourage him to do things well. c. try to not offer guidance. d. praise him lavishly for his accomplishments even if the performance is actually very poor.
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b
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Angelina doesn't seem to even want to try to do well in her high school math class. If her mom Jolie wants to help her change her self-defeating pattern of behavior, Jolie should a. provide the most cognitively stimulating home environment that she can. b. tell Angelina her failures thus far have just been due to bad luck. c. offer her a bribe if her scores go up. d. continually nag her about her grades.
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a
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Economist Roland Fryer Jr. attempted to determine whether _____ could be used to raise students' standardized test scores. a. monetary rewards c. more highly trained teachers b. new school facilities d. cognitive-enhancing medications
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a
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Based on recent research, which strategy should a school district employ if it wants to have the best chance of raising student's standardized test scores? a. Pay students $100 dollars for every A they get in their academic classes b. Pay students $50 for not missing any school c. Pay student $5 for every book they read and on which they subsequently then pass a quiz d. Pay students nothing; show them statistics on how much more money graduates make than nongraduates
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c
question
An effective method for a school to positively influence motivation is to a. stress competition concerning class grades. b. discourage parental involvement, making children respond on their own. c. emphasize intrinsic motivation techniques. d. avoid adopting learning goals.
answer
c
question
"Low ability" students with a mastery goal a. persist, but only when they succeed. b. persist and show major frustration when they fail. c. persist and show little frustration despite failure. d. do not persist, regardless of success or failure.
answer
c
question
The idea that the letters in printed words represent the sounds in spoken words in a systematic way is referred to as the _____ principle. a. decontextualized c. morphological b. alphabetic d. expansion
answer
b
question
During the _____ phase of reading, a child is first able to "read" something that he or she memorized during a previous reading session. a. prealphabetic c. full alphabetic b. partial alphabetic d. full phonological awareness
answer
a
question
Brandy has just begun to learn to read. At this point, she knows that the letter with one line and two bumps is the "B." She also knows that this letter corresponds to the "b" sound, and it is the first letter of her name. While Brandy has this knowledge, she is not yet able to connect all written words with their sounds. Brandy is best classified as being in the _____ phase of reading development. a. prealphabetic c. full alphabetic b. partial alphabetic d. phonological awareness
answer
b
question
Phonological awareness allows a child to a. apply a sound to an object. b. segment spoken words into sounds. c. understand the meaning of words. d. realize that some letters are commonly grouped together (e.g., "ed").
answer
b
question
Hamid has just acquired the ability to "sound out" a word. This means that when he sees the word "bend" for the first time, he is able to decode it as "b" plus "e" plus "n" plus "d" and say "bend." Hamid's newfound ability indicates that he has acquired _____ awareness. a. semantic c. morphological b. syntactical d. phonological
answer
d
question
129. When a child is able to realize that some letter combinations (e.g., "br," "st," "ed") need to be perceived as a single unit versus several individual units, he or she is said to be in the _____ phase of reading. a. pre-alphabetic c. partial alphabetic b. consolidated alphabetic d. full alphabetic
answer
b
question
Emergent literacy is best described as involving a. the acquisition of a second language in later life. b. all non-verbal language skills acquired by deaf children. c. critical developmental precursors of actual reading skills. d. any language skill acquired after a child has learned to read.
answer
c
question
Exposure to rhyming stories is most likely to enhance the _____ aspect of emergent literacy. a. phonological awareness c. telegraphic speech b. babbling d. decontextualized language
answer
a
question
Unskilled readers tend to _____ more than skilled readers. a. rely on phonological cues c. use context to help identify words b. make sure their eyes "hit" all words d. connect letters and sounds
answer
c
question
Mystique sees the sentence, "I saw a dog," but reads the sentence as, "I was a god." This indicates that Mystique is best classified as a. ignoring joint attention cues. c. engaging in child-directed speech. b. lacking mastery motivation. d. being dyslexic.
answer
d
question
Individuals with dyslexia a. show deficiencies in every reading area except phonological awareness. b. are best classified as having a speech disorder. c. devote so much effort to decoding words that recall for the words is compromised. d. tend to outgrow the problem in adulthood even without intervention.
answer
c
question
Which approach to reading would support the advice to, "Just look at the words before and after that word, and you should be able to figure out the meaning of the word?" a. Phonetic approach c. Whole-language approach b. Code-oriented approach d. Alphabetic principle approach
answer
c
question
Research on reading programs has shown that the most effective programs a. are phonics-only programs. b. are whole language-only programs. c. emphasize phonics but do include some whole language instruction. d. emphasize whole language but do include some phonics instruction.
answer
c
question
Which appears to have the LEAST impact on a school's effectiveness? a. Reduced class size from 36 to 24 c. An effective discipline program b. Tutoring students in the early grades d. A strong emphasis on academics
answer
a
question
The most effective way to improve school effectiveness is to a. have year-round school. b. add money to the budget but do not directly target academic instruction issues. c. modestly reduce the student-faculty ratio. d. encourage parents to purchase books and intellectually stimulating toys for their children.
answer
d
question
Which statement concerning ability grouping is FALSE? a. In ability grouping, students of similar academic talents are placed together into work groups. b. In general, ability grouping has no clear advantage over mixed-ability grouping. c. High-ability students tend to benefit more from ability grouping. d. Using ability grouping appears to significantly increase a school's effectiveness.
answer
d
question
School integration a. is illegal. b. significantly decreases white prejudice toward black students. c. has eliminated discrimination against minority students. d. leads to small increases in achievement and self-esteem in Caucasian and African-American students.
answer
d
question
"Inclusion" refers to a. placing physically handicapped youngsters in special classrooms housed within the public schools. b. the provision of public education services to mentally handicapped youngsters from birth to age 26. c. placing handicapped children into regular education classes for at least a portion of their educational programming. d. creating segregated classrooms based on ability grouping.
answer
c
question
Cooperative learning techniques have resulted in all of the following EXCEPT a(n) a. more positive attitude toward mathematics than when traditional instruction is used. b. greater acceptance of minority students by non-minority peers. c. enhanced self-esteem for members of the cooperative learning team. d. slight decline in actual level of achievement in mathematics.
answer
d
question
Which have been shown to be the best predictors of effectiveness of schools? a. Small classes, an academic focus, and grouping by ability level b. High expectations for success, rewarding good work, and a high funding base c. Task-oriented atmosphere, strong emphasis on academics, and effective discipline d. Mixed-ability grouping, high expectations for success, and small classes
answer
a
question
The concept of appropriately matching an environment with a person's characteristics is called a. overregulation. c. mastery orientation. b. goodness-of-fit. d. joint attention.
answer
b
question
Reasons for declining achievement motivation during adolescence include all of thefollowing EXCEPT a. great stability in physical development. b. poor person-environment fit. c. increasingly negative feedback from teachers regarding ability. d. increased importance of peer acceptance.
answer
a
question
The decline in achievement during adolescence is likely the result of individuals at this age a. viewing strengths and weaknesses more realistically and a loss in expectancies of success. b. viewing strengths and weaknesses more unrealistically and a loss in expectancies of success. c. viewing strengths and weaknesses more realistically and a gain in expectancies of success. d. viewing strengths and weaknesses more unrealistically and a gain in expectancies of success.
answer
a
question
Which family characteristic is NOT associated with lower achievement? a. Growing up in a single-parent family b. Being a member of minority group c. Having an uneducated mother d. Having a parent who uses consistent discipline
answer
d
question
Lower academic performance in African-American teens has been linked to a. negative peer pressure. c. overinvolved parents. b. an attempt to reject cultural identity. d. too extreme a valuation on academics.
answer
a
question
Research on the transition from elementary school into the next level of education has shown that a. when adolescents make a change is more important than the characteristics of their new school. b. transition at grade six is much easier than transition at grade eight. c. the less degree of control that students feel following the transition the greater their academic motivation. d. supportive teachers in the new school are actually detrimental to academic motivation.
answer
a
question
Research has shown that _____ had the largest percentage of students scoring in the top 10 percent on math and science tests. a. Japan b. the United States c. Brazil d. Singapore
answer
d
question
When compared to American students, Asian students appear to have higher levels of academic achievement. Which of the following is NOT one of the proposed reasons for this advantage? a. Asian students spend more time being educated. b. Asian student are assigned and complete more homework. c. Asian parents tend to have a "hands-off" attitude concerning their children's education. d. Asian peers value academic achievement.
answer
d
question
Cross-cultural research results suggest that if you want to improve academic performance, teachers need to a. engage in more discourse (conversation) with students about their answers. b. move through class material more quickly. c. assign less homework. d. prevent parents from becoming actively involved in setting high achievement goals.
answer
a
question
Ronald is a typical teenager attempting to balance high school and a 20-hour-a-week job at a fast-food restaurant. Research has shown that Ronald is most likely to _____ than his non-working classmates. a. have a lower average GPA b. be engaged in school c. be closer to his parents d. have more varied future vocational prospects
answer
a
question
Loretta is a high school junior looking for a 20-hour-per-week job during the school year. What type of employment would be the LEAST detrimental to her academic and psychological well-being? a. Janitorial work that she can perform overnight b. Fast-food restaurant cashier c. Accounting work in which she will be required to learn new math skills d. Lawn-service work (e.g., lawn-mowing)
answer
d
question
Statistically, _____ students have the lowest high school graduation rate in the United States. a. Caucasian b. Hispanic c. Asian-American d. African-American
answer
b
question
Which best describes achievement motivation during adulthood? a. Achievement motivation is steady from middle to old age for both females and males. b. The loss of motivation is an inevitable part of the aging process (especially in those over age 70). c. For both females and males, achievement motivation increases steadily from young adulthood to middle age. d. Achievement motivation is more affected by work and family context than by the process of aging.
answer
d
question
Literacy is defined as the ability to use a. printed information to function in society. b. verbal speech to function in school. c. gestures to communicate ideas to another person. d. written language to demonstrate one's intelligence.
answer
a
question
Research on adult education has shown that a. literacy programs for adults tend to be highly successful. b. older adult college students are more likely to be motivated by external expectations than traditional students. c. adult men tend to return to the classroom for personal enrichment reasons. d. returning adult students often put more effort into learning material because they want or need to use the information.
answer
d
question
Which statement about adult literacy in the United States is true? a. About 95 percent of U.S. adults are literate. b. Programs to raise adult literacy tend to be very effective. c. Lower levels of literacy are related to living in poverty. d. The U.S. has no large pockets of illiterate adults.
answer
c
question
Phonemes are the basic units of meaning that exist in a language.
answer
f
question
The focus on semantics is on the meaning of words.
answer
t
question
Changing the pitch of a sentence to change the meaning from actual to sarcastic is an example of prosody.
answer
t
question
Babies "coo" before they "babble."
answer
t
question
A holophrase always contains at least two words.
answer
f
question
Underextension occurs when a person uses a word too narrowly (i.e., for a specific example versus the entire category).
answer
t
question
"Go school" is an example of telegraphic speech.
answer
t
question
The acquisition of metalinguisitc awareness tends to result in more difficulty in defining abstract terms.
answer
f
question
Individuals with aphasia can neither hear nor speak.
answer
f
question
Chomsky proposed that humans are born with a common set of rules and properties for learning any language in the world.
answer
t
question
The earlier one is exposed to a language (including sign language), the faster and more effectively it tends to be learned.
answer
t
question
Child-directed speech is characterized by long sentences spoken in a monotone with no repetition of ideas.
answer
f
question
The most effective preschool programs emphasize academic skill-building and de-emphasize play.
answer
f
question
Performance goals emphasize proving one's ability versus improving one's ability.
answer
t
question
During the partial alphabetic phase of reading, children first are able to read a word that they have previously memorized.
answer
f
question
Acquiring phonological awareness allows a child to segment a spoken word into sounds or phonemes.
answer
t
question
Ability grouping has been shown to be a highly effective technique for improving academic performance for most school-age children.
answer
f
question
Management of student discipline appears to have little impact on school effectiveness.
answer
f
question
Negative peer pressure many negatively impact the academic performance of African-American adolescents.
answer
t
question
Programs designed to raise older-adult levels of literacy are rarely successful.
answer
t
