Ch. 10 Cultural Anthropology
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Kinship
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is a system of social organization between people who are or are held to be biologically related or who are given the status of relatives by marriage, adoption, or other ritual
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________ is the most basic principle of organizing individuals into social groups, roles, and categories
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Kinship
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Some form of kinship organization based on parentage and marriage
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is present in every human society
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consanguineal relatives
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biological family members such as mother, father, grandparents, children, grandchildren, uncles, aunts, brothers, sisters, and cousins to whom we are related through birth or blood
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affinal relatives
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sociological family members such as husband or wife, mother-in-law, father-in-law, brother-in-law, and sister-in-law to whom we are related through marriage
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Fictive Kinship
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the relationships among individuals who recognize kinship obligations although the relationships are not based on either consanguineal or affinal ties
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fictive kinship bonds are based on
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friendship and other personal relationships rather than marriage or descent
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God-parenthood
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the most commonly cited illustration of fictive kinship
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Kinship refers to
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relationships found in all societies
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Those who are related to us by blood are referred to as
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consanguineal kin
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Vertical function
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The ways in which all kinship systems tend to provide social continuity by binding together different generations
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Horizontal function
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The ways in which all kinship systems, by requiring people to marry outside their own small kinship group, function to integrate the total society through marriage bonds between otherwise unrelated groups
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All kinship diagrams are viewed from the reference of ______, the person from whose the point of view we are tracing the relationship
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EGO
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lineality
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Kin relationships traced through a single line, such as son, father, and grandfather
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collaterality
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kin relationships traced through a linking relative
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unilineal descent
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tracing descent through a single line as compared to both sides
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matrilineal descent
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a form of descent in which people trace their primary kin connections through their mother
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patrilineal descent
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a form of descent in which people trace their primary kin connections through their father
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cognatic /bilateral descent
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a form of descent traced through both females and males
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matriarchy
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a system of governance whereby women rule over men or are empowered to make decisions over men
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lineage
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a unilineal descent group whose members can trae their line of descent back to a common ancestor
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segmentation
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the process that takes place within a lineage whereby small subdivisions of a lineage oppose one another in some social situations but coalesce and become allies in other social situations
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clans
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unilineal descent groups, usually comprising ten or more generations, consisting of members who claim a common ancestry even though they cannot trace step by step their exact connection to that ancestor
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phratries
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unilineal descent groups composed of related clans
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moieties
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complementary descent groups that result from the division of a society into halves
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double descent
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a system of descent in which individuals receive some rights and obligations from the father's side of the family and others from the mother's side
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ambilineal descent
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a form of descent in which a person chooses to affiliate with a kin group through either the male or the female line
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bilateral descent
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a type of kinship system in which individuals emphasize both their mother's kin and their father's kin relatively equally
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kindred
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all of the relatives a person recognizes in a bilateral kinship system
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patrilocal residence
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a residence pattern where the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the husband's father
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matrilocal residence
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a residence pattern where the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the wife
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avunculocal residence
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a residence pattern where the married couple lives with or near the relatives of the husband's mother's brother
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ambilocal residence
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a residence pattern where the married couple may choose to live with either the relatives of the wife or the relatives of the husband
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neolocal residence
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a residence pattern in which the married couple has its own place of residence apart from the relatives of either spouse
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Eskimo (Inuit) System
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The kinship system most commonly found in the US; it is associated with bilateral descent usually a mother, father, and their children live together
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Iroquois System
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A kinship system associated with unilineal descent in which the father and father's brother are called by the same term, as are the mother and mother's sister
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reproductive technologies
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recent developments, such as in vitro fertilization, surrogate motherhood, and sperm banks, that make the reckoning of kin relationships more complex
