question

Psychology

answer

\"the scientific investigation of mental processes (thinking, remembering and feeling) and behaviour. Understanding a person requires attention to the individual's biology, psychological experience and cultural context.- triple book keeping

question

Biopsychology (or behavioural neuroscience

answer

\"examines the physical basis of psychological phenomena such as motivation, emo- tion and stress.

question

Localisation of function

answer

The extent to which different parts of the brain control different aspects of functioning.

question

Psychological anthropologists

answer

study psychological phenomena in other cultures by observing people in their natural settings

question

Cross-cultural psychology

answer

\"tests psychological hypotheses in different cultures. Biology and culture form the boun- daries, or constraints, within which psychological processes operate

question

Free will versus determination

answer

\"whether people freely choose their actions or whether behaviour follows law- ful patterns. \"do we freely choose our actions or is our behaviour caused — determined — by things outside our control?

question

Mind-body problem

answer

\"the question of how mental and physical events interact.

question

Introspection

answer

\"the process of looking inward and reporting on one's conscious experience

question

Structuralism

answer

One of two prominent schools of thought , philosophical roots of psychology. Initiated by Edward Titchener, attempted to use introspection to uncover the basic elements of consciousness and the way they combine with one another into ideas (i.e. the structure of consciousness). Experimentation.

question

Functionalism

answer

One of two prominent schools of thought , philosophical roots of psychology. William James. Explains psychological processes in terms of their role, or function, in helping the individual adapt to the environment.

question

Paradigm

answer

\"is a broad system of theoretical assumptions employed by a scientific community to make sense of a domain of experience.

question

Perspectives

answer

Psychology lacks a unified paradigm but has a number of schools of thought, or __________, which are broad ways of understanding psychological phenomena. A psychological _____________, like a paradigm, includes theoretical propositions, shared metaphors and accepted methods of observation.

question

Psychodynamics

answer

\"the dynamic interplay of mental forces. \"

question

Psychodynamic perspective

answer

\"perspective, most psychological processes that guide behaviour are unconscious. Thus, consciousness is like the tip of an iceberg. \"proposes that people's actions reflect the way thoughts, feelings and wishes are associated in their minds; that many of these processes are unconscious; and that mental processes can conflict with one another, leading to compromises among competing motives. Although their primary method has been the analysis of case studies, reflecting the goal of interpreting the meanings hypothesised to underlie people's actions, psychodynamic psychologists are increas- ingly making use of experimental methods to try to integrate psychodynamic thinking with scientific psychology.

question

BEHAVIOURIST PERSPECTIVE

answer

John Watson. B.F.Skinner.Perspective that focuses on learning and studies the way environmental events control behaviour. Behaviourists reject the concept of 'mind', viewing mental events as the contents of a black box that cannot be known or studied scientifically. Experimental methods to study the relationship between environmental events and behaviour.

question

Cartesian dualis

answer

Dual spheres of mind and body by demonstrating that human conduct follows laws of behaviour, just as the law of gravity Descartes also proposed a dualism of mind and body, in which mental events and physical events can have different causes. The mind, or soul, is free to think and choose, while the body is constrained by the laws of nature explains why things fall down instead of up.

question

Humanistic perspective

answer

Carl Rogers. Abraham Maslow. Perspective emphasises uniqueness of individual and focuses on the person's immediate experience. People are motivated to achieve personal goals so that they can fulfil their true potential. Methods focus on helping individuals to understand their own unique frame of reference and work towards achieving self-actualisation, defined as the fulfilment of the whole range of needs.

question

Empathy

answer

Identification with and understanding of another's situation, feelings, and motives

question

Ideal self

answer

In Roger's theory of personality, the self a person would ideally like to be.

question

Person-centered approach

answer

An approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist.

question

Self-actualisation

answer

\"the idea that people are motivated to reach their full potential

question

Self-concept

answer

One's own definition of who one is, including one's attributes, emotions, abilities, character, faults, and so on.

question

Cognitive perspective

answer

A perspective focuses on the way people process, store and retrieve information. A metaphor underlying the _________ _________ is the mind as a computer, complete with software. In recent years, used the brain itself as a metaphor for the way mental processes operate.

question

Cognition

answer

All the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

question

Information processing

answer

\"refers to taking input from the environment and transforming it into meaningful out- put.\"

question

Rationalist philosophers

answer

\"who emphasised the role of reason in creating knowledge

question

Evolutionary perspective

answer

A perspective that many human behavioural tendencies exist because they helped our ancestors survive and produce offspring that would be more likely to survive.

question

Nature-nurture controversy

answer

\"To what extent do psychological processes reflect biological or environmental influences?\"

question

Natural selection

answer

\"the mechanism by which natural forces select traits in organisms that are adaptive in their environmental niche.

question

Adaptive traits

answer

Traits that help organisms to adjust and survive in their environment. Selection of organisms occurs 'naturally' because organisms not endowed with features that help them adapt to their particular environmental circumstances, or niche, are less likely to survive and reproduce. In turn, they have fewer offspring to survive and reproduce

question

Ethology

answer

\"studies animal behaviour from a biological and evolutionary perspective

question

Sociobiology

answer

\"explores possible evolutionary and biological bases of human social behaviour.\"

question

Evolutionary psychologists

answer

\"apply evolutionary thinking to a wide range of psychological phenomena, propose that genetic transmission is not limited to physical traits such as height, body type or vulnerability to heart disease.

question

Reproductive success

answer

The basic notion of evolutionary theory is that evolution selects organisms that maximise their __________ _________, defined as the capacity to survive and reproduce, and maximise the _______ ____________ of genetically related individuals.

question

Inclusive fitness

answer

\" which refers not only to an individual's own reproductive success but also to his or her influence on the reproductive success of genetically related individuals

question

Empericism

answer

\"the belief that the path to scientific knowledge is systematic observation and, ideally, experimental observation

question

Gestalt psychology

answer

Psychology type that perception is not a passive experience akin to taking photographic snapshots but an active experience of imposing order on an overwhelming panorama of details by seeing them as parts of larger wholes (or gestalts).

question

Psychologist

answer

\"concerned with why people behave the way they do — the thought processes that underpin behaviour. They base their understanding of behaviour on the results of scientific research and investigations. Broadly speaking, psychologists are interested in the thought processes that govern human behaviour in general.

question

Psychiatrist

answer

Interested more in the narrower field of mental illness.

question

Deep learning approach

answer

\"approach involves finding meaning in what is being studied to maximise understanding.

question

Surface learning approach

answer

A learning approach involves investing little time in the academic task and memorising information with rote learning.

question

Strategic learning approach

answer

\"approach involves being guided by the assessment criteria and enhancing self-esteem through competition. Strategic students monitor and regulate their use of time more effectively than students who apply a more shallow approach to learning.

question

SQ4R method

answer

survey, question, read, recite, review

question

Triple bookkeeping

answer

\"Understanding a person means practising '____________' . The person's biological make- up, psychological experience and functioning, and cultural and historical moment.\"

question

Self actualisation

answer

The fulfilment of the whole ranges of needs

Ch.1 Psychology: the study of mental processes & behaviour

Unlock all answers in this set

Haven't found what you were looking for?

Search for samples, answers to your questions and flashcards