ch – Flashcards

o Roosevelt wanted to build Panama Canal, so he plotted a revolt against Colombia (Colombia controlled Panama). Once Panama was independent from Colombia, they signed a treaty with U.S. granting full sovereignty over a canal zone. The canal took eight years to build. U.S. gave Panama $10 million and an additional $250,000 a year for the canal and guaranteed its independence. Also gave $25 million to Colombia later. Result: Canal was a triumph of modern engineering and gave the U.S. a tremendous strategic and commercial advantage in the Western Hemisphere. Roosevelt corollarysaid they could interviene into latin american affairs

o Wilson brought to foreign affairs a set of fundamental principles that combined a moralists faith, in American democracy with a realist's understanding of power of international commerce Believed that that American economic expansion, accompanied by democratic principles and Christianity would be a civilizing force in the world. Foreign investments and industry were key to a nation's prosperity Believed in Open Door Policy however policy was closed due to taft

o Policy of Taft's (Roosevelt's successor) in which he assumed that political influence would follow increased US trade and investment (Taft replaced Roosevelt's military "big-stick" approach with a more subtle and effective approach: business investment as a "weapon" or threat instead of the military). Results: American investment in Central America grew a ton, BUT required military intervention to resolve some political disputes. Using Dollar Diplomacy in China resulted in the closing of the Open Door Policy with China and American relations with Japan deteriorated.

o American businesses dominate Mexican economy and companies owned over one quarter of Mexico's land; Mexican capitalists own little of nation's export industry o Wilson refused to recognize Huerta Regime; Wilson invaded Veracruz with the excuse of minor insults to U.S. sailors, brought U.S. and Mexico closer to war and led to anti-American demonstrations in Mexico o Carranza overthrows Huerta regime and Wilson recognizes him as Mexico's leader.

o Wilson issued a proclamation of neutrality and urged citizens to be "impartial in thought as well as in action" o However, there were many ethnic groups with emotional ties to other countries or were born in other countries or had a parent who was an immigrant. o German-Americans and Irish Americans supported Central Powers while many support the Allies die to cultural and language bonds with Great Britain. o America bombarded with propaganda which led to American disinterest in involvement in the war. o Trade with Britain increased while trade with Germany decreased.

3 main causes: the sinking of Lusitania - German u-boat sank US ship off coast of Ireland b/c Germany declared all of the area around the British isles a war zone which they would enforce with unrestricted sub warfare. Wilson denounced the sinking as illegal and inhumane and the press condemned the act as barbaric. the Zimmerman note - message sent by German foreign secretary to the German ambassador in Mexico saying that Mexico should form an alliance with Germany and if the US entered the war Mexico would fight them and get back Texas and New Mexico. note used as propaganda for the war led to more support in the south west where most were against it. unrestricted submarine warfare - enemy shipping would be subject to surprise submarine attacks. neutral powers warned but US issued a sharp protest and threatened to hold Germany accountable.

o President Wilson created it a week after signing the war declaration. It's primary purpose was to be a government agency that would shape public opinion in support of war effort through newspapers, pamphlets, speeches, films, etc. ("sell WWI to Americans" Journalist and reformer George Creel became the chairman of it. Creel changed the CPI from its original function as coordinator of government news, into a sophisticated and aggressive agency for promoting the war - he enlisted a TON of people to work on CPI committees, produced a TON of pamphlets, articles, books, etc. that explained the causes and meaning of the war, created posters, slides, newspaper advertisements, and films to promote the war (movie stars took part and famous journalists were recruited). Also, for the first 21 months of the war, publication of photos, advertisements, etc. showing American dead in the war were banned by the CPI because they feared the images would demoralize the American public. The CPI led a very negative campaign against all things German and urged ethnic Americans to abandon their Old World ties and to become "unhyphenated Americans". Inspired many communities to ban the teaching of the German language in their schools, ban German music, etc.The CPI ultimately suggested that new techniques using modern communication media could be used in many ways (to convince people to buy a wide range of goods and services, for example). Was overall very successful.

o Had severe limitations in the US military: segregated units, barred from the marines and Coast Guard, had to work as cooks, laundrymen, etc. Endured humiliating and violent treatment, particularly from Southern white officers. There was also hostility from Northerners (and Southerners) who denied AA service in restaurants and admission into theaters near training camps. o More than 200,000 AA eventually served in France: only about ⅕ AA saw combat, when about ⅔ whites saw combat. However, AA were still treated much better in France and served with distinction in various divisions in the French army and were awarded for exceptional bravery in action and were respected by French civilians. AA continued to move from the rural South to cities in the

o Government manages and regulate economy during war.War Industries Board (WIB)- Federal agency that reorganized industry for maximum efficiency and productivity during WWI, had authority to convert industrial plants to wartime needs and manufacture of war materials, issued price controls Food and Fuel Act- regulation of of the production and distribution of the food fuel necessary for war effort. Agricultural commodities (sugar, pork, and wheat) sold through licensedealersTax increases; income tax Liberty Bonds- interest-bearing certificates sold by U.S, government to finance war

o During Roosevelt's presidency. Co-chaired by labor attorney Frank Walsh and former president William H. Taft. It acted as a kind of "supreme court" for labor, arbitrating disputes and working to prevent disruption in production (during 1917, there were many strikes involving more than a million workers and wages were usually an issue, showing workers' concerns w/ inflation and higher prices). A great majority of these "interventions" made by the NWLB resulted in improved wages and reduced hours of work.It supported the right of workers to organize unions and furthered the acceptance of the 8 hour day for war workers (central aims of the labor movement). It also backed time-and-a-half pay for overtime and also backed the principle of = pay for women workers.

o The movement to eliminate alcohol from American life had attracted many Americans, especially women, since before the Civil War The moral aspect/enthusiasm that accompanied America's entry into the war provided a crucial boost to the "no-alcohol" cause. In 1917, progressives and rural fundamentalists in Congress pushed through the 18th Amendment, providing for a national ban on alcoholic drinks. The 18th Amendment was ratified by the states in January 1919 and became the law of the US one year later. Prohibition/the 18th Amendment would create problems in the postwar years (growth of organized crime), but many Americans (many were native Protestants) considered it to be a worthy moral reform.

causes- high inflation and not enough pay raises gov. stopped controlling industry so many businesses refused to recognize unions bad working conditions like the 12hr work day still in place provoked deep fears of larger social order February strike in shipyards of Washington over wages became a city wide strike. the press called them revolutionaries. strike ended after federal troops were called for September Boston police on strike b/c police commissioner refused to give a pay raise. Coolidge sent in national guard to crush strike whole police force was fired BIGGEST STRIKE- steel industry, Sep. 1919 to Jan. 1920. AFL wanted to build on wartime changes and demanded union recognition, 8 hr work day and wage increases. companies used black strike breakers and armed guards to keep the mills running Gary, president of US Steel, called the strikers revolutionaries and turned public opinion against the strike leading to bitter defeat for unions

treaty ending WWI and created the league of nations which America was not in so it was weak and never signed the treaty democrats favored the treaty and republicans wanted amendments o much of the negotiations were borne secretly by the Big Four 14 points- outlined peace plan three main goals were a series of specific proposals to settle post war boundary lines and creating new countries out of the collapsed Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires, general principles for governing international conduct including freedom of the seas free trade no secret treaties mediation for competing colonial claims and reduced weapons, and finally the league of nations to enforce these principles

justified by the 1918 alien act which let gov deport any immigrant found to be a part of any revolutionary organization prior to or after coming to America justice department agents in 11 cities arrested and roughed up several hundred members of the IWW (labor union) and the union of Russian workers little evidence of revolutionary intent was found and many were deported including Emma Godman and Alexander Berkman the raids caused a ripple effect encouraged other repressive measures against radicals Palmer's popularity waned after people found that a revolution was not going to happen this was a part of the red scare

o Caused by an increase in efficiency of production, climb in real wages, decline in length of work week and a boom in consumer goods industries. Second Industrial Revolution-- electricity led to automatic machinery that could be operated by unskilled workers, boosting the efficiency of industry; mass production allowed firms to make profits and keep prices low. Welfare Capitalism- system of labor relations emphasizing management responsibility for employee well-being.

o Made the greatest impact on the way Americans worked, lived, and played: consumer consumption became clear/prominent, stimulated public spending for good roads and extended the housing boom to new suburbs, showrooms/repair shops/gas stations are built in communities, new small enterprises (motels, billboards, etc.) advertised roadside dinners as cars became popular, exploration of the world outside local communities became easier and more common/attractive to people, reinforced old social patterns for some (going to church on Sunday or visiting neighbors), youth of America experiences "change in courtship practices" (kids bang in cars now) and take advantage of the car to get privacy and distance from parents, leisure became a more regular part of everyday life. Auto industry provides large market for makers of steel, rubber, and petroleum products.

Farmers suffering after war from surplus of cotton, hogs, corn, and other farm products.Price of agriculture drop sharply and land values also dropped wiping out capital investments.Southern farmers unable to attain new conveniences such as electricity, indoor plumbing, and automobiles. Many farmers quit farming and moved to cities to find jobs in mills and factories. However some farmers were benefiting from transportation and supermarkets which allowed wider distribution of foods.

o Movie-going became a regular habit for millions of Americans and storefront theatres and "movie houses" became popular. New genres became popular (musicals, gangster films, comedies, etc.).Era of silent films ended in 1927 with Warner Brother's The Jazz Singer, one of the first movies to introduce sound. The higher costs associated with "talkie" movies increased the studios' reliance on wall street investors and banks. Movies often emphasized sexual themes, celebrated youth, athleticism, and the liberating power of consumer goods. Youth looked to movies to learn how to dress, wear their hair, talk, or kiss. With the shift of the industry westward to Hollywood, movies entered a new phase of business expansion: large studios (Paramount, Fox, Universal, WB, etc.) dominated the business with longer and more expensively produced movies - feature films. These companies were founded and controlled by immigrants from Europe.

o A thriving advertising industry reflected and encouraged the growing importance of consumer goods in American life. Advertising reached a higher level of respectability, sophistication, and economic power in American life during the 1920s. Ad agencies moved towards a more scientific approach: they sponsored market research and welcomed the "language of psychology" to their profession, began focusing on the needs, desires, and anxieties of the buyer and not on the qualities of the product, agencies used market research and consumer surveys with ad copy and graphics. Also, advertising/advertisements using nature, medical authority, or personal freedom were very successful. o Advertising celebrated consumption as a positive thing and in this sense the new advertising ethic was a therapeutic one, promising that products would contribute to the buyer's physical/emotional well-being

o 18th amendment - banned the manufacturing, sale and transportation of alcoholic drinks. took effect January 1920 the Volstead act- 1920 law defining the liquor forbidden under the 18th amendment and giving enforcement responsibilities to the prohibition bureau of the department of the treasury (poorly staffed)prohibition resulted from drinking being associated with the deterioration of working class family life and the evils of urban politics hard to enforce speakeasies -secret bars and bootlegging were common b/c high demand boosted organized crime led to gangs b/c you could get rich fast

o peaked after WWI because they didn't like the new immigrants (from southern and eastern Europe) o new immigrants were mostly catholic or Jewish and had darker skin. Americans believed they were less willing to assimilate than old immigrants were generally poorer and more physically isolated Madison grant said America was committing race suicide people thought that inferiority was determined by your race and made them more likely to commit a crime red scare linked immigrants with Bolshevism and radicals blamed immigrants for rising unemployment AFL wanted to block all immigration for 2 years immigration act 1921 set a maximum number of immigrants each year around 300,000. quotas limited immigration to 3 percent of the number of the county's natives as counted in the 1910 census Johnson- reed immigration act revised the quotas to 2% of foreign born of each nationality counted in the 1890 census and cut the maximum total by half did not apply to any other nation in the western hemisphere. also prohibited aliens ineligible to citizenship so east and south aimed at Japanese because most others were already barred and japan got mad Nativism - favoring the interests/culture of native born people over immigrants

o teacher John J Scopes broke Tennessee law, teaching Darwinism (evolution) in 1925 which was prohibited.. Clarence Darrow (very famous) defended scopes and William Jennings Bryan led the prosecution (was a fundamentalist). Broadcasted by radio.Bryan interpreted the bible literally and Darrow was not allowed to call scientists up to testify scopes lost state statues were not repealed but prosecutions for teaching evolution ceased

o 1920s dominated by Republican Party who had a close relationship between government and businesses.MMMMOOOOOOORRRRREEEE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

o After WWI, America is strongest economic power in the world; goes from a debtor nation to a creditor nation. European governments owe America $10 billion. o However, European financial situation became so desperate that U.S. agreed to cancel some of the debt. o Germany upset with the amount of debt it had to repay and the conditions under which they had to make up the money to repay it; Dawes Plan--reduced Germany's debt, stretched out the payment period, and arranged for American bankers to lend finds to Germany.

o Harlem Renaissance- A new African American cultural awareness that flourished in literature, art, and music in the 1920s.Great Migration increased African American communities in Northern Cities.Harlem began attracting middle-class African Americans after Harlem was made as an exclusively black neighborhood.Harlem became demographic and cultural capital of black America; was the political and intellectual center of African Americans for "New Negro" "New Negro"- new spirit in the works of black writers and intellectuals, faith that encouraged blacks to develop and celebrate their own distinctive culture White Americans interested in Harlem; Clubs in Harlem segregated, many African Americans were only allowed inside to entertain; Harlem became a symbol to whites of a good time.

o Group of American intellectuals (most were writers) who viewed America in the 1920s as twisted, intellectually shallow, and consumed by money; many became extremely disillusioned with American life and went to Paris. They turned their backs on the business culture and the Republican culture of the era (1920s). o The goal of the writers seemed to be to attack the notion of America that they had either physically or spiritually left behind. They attacked the materialism and narrow thinking of middle-class business types and the values of people at the time. Some writers of the "lost generation": F. Scott Fitzgerald ("The Great Gatsby"), Ernest Hemingway ("A Farewell to Arms"),

Reasons: Business leaders and economists told Americans it was their duty to buy stocks.Many stock buyers had been lured into the market through easy-credit, margin accounts (margin accounts allowed investors to purchase stocks by making a small down payment, borrowing the rest from a broker, and using the shares as collateral/security on the loan). Investment trusts, similar to mutual funds, attracted investors with promises of high returns based on their managers' expert knowledge of the market.Corporations with excess capital found that lending money to stockbrokers was more profitable than using it to develop new technologies

o no unemployment insurance and bad public relief unemployment signals worst sign of depression more than ¼ of the workers had no job but no really reliable sources many blamed themselves for not having a job b/c raised on belief that they were responsible for own fate these people felt shame and guilt inadequacy uselessness and despair joblessness proved wost for men ages 35-55 b/c they felt responsible for their families women started to bring home more money than men b/c they had jobs designed for only women and would work for less people with jobs had more pressure and had to put up with harassment men responses to unemployment- unresponsive, drinking, anger, suicide

o traditional sources of relief could not keep up with them amount of people they had to help during WWI he delivered large scale humanitarian effort but failed to face the facts of the depression ignored distress and said,"are people are providing against distress from unemployment in true American fashion by magnificent response to public appeal and by action of local governments" the presidents emergency committee for unemployment 1930 and the presidents organization for unemployment relief (poor) did little to help his plan was centered around restoring confidence in business the reconstruction finance corporation (RFC) was designed to make gov. credit available to banks railroads insurance companies and others thereby stimulating economic activity did little b/c the problem was not supply it was demand and the people were not going to but things RFC kept many banks and other businesses from failing but didn't help the US as a whole. hoover didn't want to make direct grants to states cities or individuals but the emergency relief act (July 1932) let the RFC lend $300 million to states that needed more funds to care for the poor. however, less than $30 million had been given out by the end of 1933

Called a four-day "bank holiday" to clear up the nation's failing bank system FDR began a series of "fireside chats" to let the nation know what he was doing - Became enormously successful Emergency Banking Act - allowed successful banks to reopen only with permission From March to June 1933 FDR pushed through various acts to combat the Depression The "New Deal", as it was called, was not one unified program but many acts Focused on reviving industrial and agricultural sectors - Five main aspects: Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) - gave young men work conserving the nation's natural resources, building roads, reforesting, etc Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA) - gave relief to farmers by establishing parity prices for products, and also gave grants for reducing production surplusesTennessee Valley Authority (TVA) - economic development and cheap electricity for Tennessee Valley, also gave cheap fertilizer to farmers National Industrial Recovery Act - made up of two main parts: National Recovery Administration (NRA) - regulated businesses through codes regulating prices, output, and trade practices Public Works Administration (PWA) - Gave more than $3 billion for public works; wanted to increase the number of jobs and also raise consumer spending

1933 that was meant to be a systematic plan for economic recovery on the very last of the 100 days congress passed it in theory each industry would be self governed by a code hammered out by representatives of business, labor, and the consuming public once approved by the national recovery administration(NRA) in Washington the codes would have the force of law (symbolized by the blue eagle stamp) most of these codes were written by the large companies laborers and the consuming public had little say many people unhappy with the NRA the WPA gave 3.3 billion for roads, public buildings, and other, idea was to create jobs so people could spend more and jump start the economy

Coughlin was a Catholic priest who attracted huge national radio audience. On show, he did passionate sermons which attacked Wall Street, international bankers, and powerful wealthy capitalists.originally supported FDR and the New Deal, and tried to build a close and personal relationship with him, but by 1934, frustrated by his limited influence on the administration and began attacking FDR. -"Roosevelt is a took of special interest who wants dictatorial powers". -"New Deal policies are part of a Communist conspiracy, threatening community autonomy with centralized federal power".-Eventually, Coughlin broke with FDR and founded the National Union for Social Justice.

- 1935 - Roosevelt focused on new programs of social reforM Strengthen national committment to creating jobs Provide security against old age, unemployment and illness Improve housing condition/ cleaning slums Emergency Relief Appropriation Act Allocated $5 billion for large-scale public works programs for the jobless Social Security Act (1935) - Provided old-age pensions and unemployment insurance national labor relations act(wagner act) 1st fed guarentee of right to unionize and collective bargainingResettlement Administration (RA) - designed to move families to better areas (Due to lack of funds, only about 1% of the intended group was actually moved).national labor relations act(wagner act) 1st fed guarantee of right to unionize and collective bargaining national housing act-fed funding for public housing and slum clearance Fair labor standard act- min wage and max hours

Social Security Act of 1935: provided for old-age pensions and unemployment insurance. Provided unemployment compensation, old-age pensions, and aid for dependent mothers, children, and the blind Funded by a payroll tax on workers and their employers, so retirees received monthly pensions after age 65.However, the law excluded more than a fourth of all workers (domestic and farm workers, many of whom were Latinos and AA). It also made no provisions for casual laborers or public employees. Also, at first the old age pensions were very small and to collect unemployment one had to have first lost a job. Ultimately though, the law established the crucial principle of federal responsibility for America's most vulnerable citizens

- Overcropping stripped the soil in the plains of its nutrients, and it dried up and died As wheat prices fell, farmers needed to harvest more and more land - Unable to rotate crops effectively Winds blew up the dried soil and left many areas unsuitable for farmingResettlement Administration gave many families relief aidWhen rains came, farmers began to pursue commercial agriculture with wild abandonMany victims of the Dust Bowl migrated to California Many poor whites competed with Mexican immigrants for jobs - led to much racism. amny deported or left US SCS(Soil Consevation service) research wind/water erosion and helped farmers

some believed that FDR was a communist some blamed capitalism for the depression these were the communists but not very many were actually a part of this party some writers joined the party because they thought it was the best hope for a political revolution b/c soviet union=different from the american system that had exploitation racial inequality and human misery these people celebrated collective struggle over individual achievement many black writers joined b/c the party was opposed to racism lynching and job discrimination. many only briefly joined or found their first audiences there waiting for lefty was a pay were the audience was invited to yell strike this was a success both politically and commercial. popular front period- communists were scared of the rise of fascism united with anyone that was anti-fascism o many supported FDR's new deal programs o and had influence over WPA art projects o communist party organized abraham linclon brigade fought on the republican side of the spanish civil war against the fascists led by francisco franco o communists were know for their dedication and effectiveness played a part in the hard CIO unionizing drives in auto steel and electrical industries

o roosevelt was looking for a way to get more friendly judges on the supreme court expand the court from 9 to a max of 15 judges the president would be able to appoint another judge for every one over 70 years old roosevelt argued that they could not keep up with their work load but few believed him this turned out to have been a stupid political move he lost and the bill didn't go through they made a compromise where he reformed the lower courts but did nothing to the supreme court effects- more responsive court, weakened relations with congress, conservative democrats decided to oppose the new deal measures

o By 1937, the nation's economy had improved significantly and unemployment had decreased. Farm prices had improved and industrial production was higher. However, Roosevelt, who was always uneasy about the growing national debt, called for large reductions in federal spending. Rather than stimulating business, the reduction brought about a steep recession (1938) 1938: Unemployment increases, conditions worsen, etc. on accound of Roosevelt's cutbacks on spending. The reality was that even after 5 years the New Deal had not brought about significant economic recovery (especially seen in 1938). Throughout 1937-1938, the administration drifted. By 1938, the reform whirlwind of the New Deal was over. however there were some exception like the 1838 fair labor standards act MIN WAGE and the natioal housing act 1937public housing consstruction and rent subsidies for low income families

- Economic hardships, Authoritarian leadership, and German resentment over the Versailles Treaty led to the rise of angry nationalistic movements in Italy and Germans- Hitler began to rebuild Germany's armies with no protest from Britain or Franc1936 - Italy and Germany become allies - Rome-Berlin Axis 1937 - Hitler announced plans to obtain Lebensraum - living / farming for Germans In return for allowing Hitler to annex part of Czechoslovakia, he agreed to stop advancing - Less than six months later he took the rest of Czechoslovakia Nov 6, 1938 - German stormtroopers kill thousands of Jews - Night of the Broken Glass

Neutrality Act of 1939: Permitted the sale of arms to Britain, France, and China ("all aid to the Allies short of war"). Lend-Lease Act: An arrangement for the transfer of war supplies (food, machinery, and services) to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the US in WWII. Atlantic Charter: Statement of common principles and war aims developed by Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill. War Powers Act: Gave the US president the power to reorganize the federal government and create new agencies; to establish programs censoring news, information, and abridging civil liberties; to seize foreign-owned property; and award government contracts without bidding.

o Passed because Roosevelt began moving more aggressively to aid the Allies in their struggle with the Axis powers. It was an arrangement for the transfer of war supplies (food, machinery, and services) to nations whose defense was considered vital to the defense of the US/US security in WWII. The Act made Great Britain the first beneficiary of massive aid. "After Congress authorized the Lend-Lease Act, a formal declaration of war was only a matter of time"... was a cause leading to entering the war.

o americans feared invasion of the main land and feared japanese americans had an alliance with the enemy dec. 8th 1941 fed gov froze the financial assets of those born in japan(these are called issei) in the name of national defense a coalition of politicians patriotic organizations and business group and military officials called for the removal of all americans of japanese decent from pacific costal areas press began to use the word JAP and political cartoons employed blatant racial stereotypes feb. 19th 1942 roosevelt signed the executive order 9066 to exclude japanese americans from military areas in cali, oregon, washington, and south arizona the army prepped for forced evacuation rounding up and removing japanese from communities where they had lived and worked for generations there were ten internment camps most set up in remote desert areas bad conditions armed guards "american style concentration camps" japanese american citizens league said that the camps were because of racism rather than danger supreme court upheld constitutionality of internment on grounds of national security gradual release by 1944 many japanese citizens renounced their citizenship in protest

"Double V" = "victory at home and abroad". It was a campaign conducted by AA activists during the war, mobilizing not only for the Allied victory but for their own rights as citizens. AA militants demanded, at a minimum, fair housing and equal economic opportunities. At a "Double V" planning meeting, a black woman proposed sending AA's to Washington D.C. to rally. So, AA from all over the country began to prepare for this "great rally" that was to be at the Lincoln Memorial on the 4th of July. Eager to stop the March on Washington movement, Roosevelt met with Randolph (head of the rally). Randolph proposed and executive order "making it mandatory that Negroes be permitted to work in plants". This discussion led to the passing of Executive Order 8802, which banned discrimination in defense industries and government. Roosevelt later appointed a Fair Employment Practices Committee to hear complaints and to redress grievances. The march was called off by Randolph, but was still determined to "shake up white America".

o june 4 1943 sailors drove through the streets of east LA in search of mexican americans dressed in zoot suits. they assaulted their victims at random riots broke out an continued for five days while the sailors were waiting to go overseas they found mexicans wearing zoot suiters were only 10% of the population and many were in the armed forces working in the most hazardous branches. many others were employed in war industry for the first time mexican americans were finding well paying jobs and like AAs expected the gov. to protect them from discrimination military and civilian authorities contained the riots by making sections of LA off limits to the military and wearing a zoot suit in public became a criminal offense many mexican americans feared that they would be next to be sent to internment camps

o The Pacific Ocean Theater was one of four major theaters during the Pacific War between 1942 and o 1945. It takes its name from the major Allied command in the theater, known simply as "Pacific Ocean Areas". The Theater included most of the Pacific Ocean and its islands. It excluded the Philippines, Australia, the Netherlands East Indies, the Territory of New Guinea (including the Bismarck Archipelago) and the western part of the Solomon Islands (which were part of the Southwest Pacific Area). The Pacific Ocean Theater also excluded China and mainland South East Asia. o Forces from the Empire of Japan mostly fought units from the United States in the Pacific Ocean Theater. Army, navy and air units from New Zealand were also involved. The United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Fiji and other countries also contributed ships, planes and/or soldiers.LOOOOOOKKK UUUPPPPPPP MMMOOOOORRREE

the systematic killing of millions of european jews and those deemed undesireable by teh nazis US resleased little info during the war but some liberal magazines tried to call attention to it ( the nation) many treated the news of concentration camps as minor news b/c exagertion in WWI mean ppl sceptical ab new stories only 43% believed he was killing jews. JEWISH COMMUNITY MORE AWARE aked to end quotas so german immigrant could move. FDR doesnt do anything to help jews not until 1944 when sec of treasury said it was antisemitism was why they didnt do anything.gov thought civilian rescue not as important as war. gen eisenhower saw camps and said that americans now know what they are fighting for

roosevelt realized that great britain and the soviet union would not abide by any code of conduct that compromised its national security or conflicted with its economic interests like the Atlantic Charter feb. 1945 roosevelt held his last conference with churchill and stalin at yalta sphere of influence was a touchy subject because it was how europe had described their claims to dominance over other nations but roosevelt understood that it guided all negotiations o soviet union to retain the baltic states and part of poland as part of a buffer zone to protect it from any future german aggression. o britain planned to reclaim its empire in asia o and the US hoped to keep several pacific islands in order to monitor and military resurgence in japan o also negotiated terms of membership for the united nations o biggest and most controversial topic was the soviet entry into the pacific war roosevelt wanted this for a timely allied victory. Stalin agreed after negotiating rights to part of china o roosevelt told congress that the conference had been a success but privately believed that the atlantic charter had been a beautiful idea

Motor vehicle industry BOOMS: Henry Ford (pioneer of automobile) shows the advantages of the use of the assembly line (reduced the # of workers needed to produce something), he revolutionized factories with new, custom-built machinery, he also started a new wage scale (pay people more and there will be better worker efficiency and good things will happen).... Competition was seen: General Motors competition w/ Ford - GM showed an effective marketing strategy, which was to target the most expensive car to the wealthy bar and target a less expensive model to lower/middle-class buyers. Also, GM was one of the first businesses that attempted to match production with demand. The GM business structure became a widely copied model for other American corporations.

Celebrities: the emergence of celebrities became a defining element in modern life - culture of consumption, established national standards and norms for Americans (habits, dress, language, sounds, social behavior), the standard of what it meant to be "normal" changed, the ideal "good life" was redefined. Celebrities became vital to the fantasy lives of fans, publicity/magazine/gossip columns reinforced celebrity fame. Celebrities became known as expert on leisure time and consumption.

Many Americans in rural areas and small towns worried and were against movies: worried about Hollywood's impact on traditional sexual morality, attacked the permissiveness associated with Hollywood/celebrity life. Many states created censorship boards to screen movies before allowing them in theatres.To counter growing calls for government censorship, Hollywood studios came up with a plan to censor themselves: hired Will Hays, who personified Midwestern Protestant respectability, and lobbied against censorship laws, wrote pamphlets defending the movie business, and set guidelines for what could and could not be depicted on the screen. He insisted that movies be treated like any other industrial enterprise.

o (Bull Market = A prolonged period in which investment prices rise faster than their historical average. Stock prices increased at twice the rate of industrial production and by the end of the decade, stocks came to be purchased only for the resale value after their prices rose).

long draped coats, pegged pants, pocket watches with oversized chains and big floppy hats. they believed that the zoot suit signified defiance and lack of patriotism

gave us pres more power to reorganize the federal gov and create new agencies to establish programs censoring news info and abridging civil liberties to sieze foreign owned property and award gov contracts without bidding

SPAB oversaw the use of scarce materials and resources vital to the war adjusting domestic consumption to miliarty needs

OPA checked the threat of inflation by imposing price controls

NWLB mediated disputes between labor and management

WMC directed the mobilization of military adn civilian services

OWM coordinated operations among all agencies

OWI sell the war made campaigns in press radio and film for the first 21 months banned puctures of dead americans but switched b/c they thought America was too confident much propoganda

grew dramatically wiretapping used extensively

asses enemy military strength to gather intelligence and to oversee espionage activilties