CGS Chapter 1 Flashcards
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Mastery
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the feeling of confidence and excitement from seeing your own skills progress
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Purpose
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simply the understanding that you are working for something larger than yourself
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creative surplus
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the ability of the world's populace to volunteer and collaborate on large projects
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QR (Quick Response) codes
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lets any piece of print in the real world host a live link to online information and video content
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Crowdsourcing
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checking in with the voice of the crowd
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Swap.com
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uses peer-to-peer connections to find the best matches to sell used DVDs, games, etc.
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Collaborative consumption
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joining together to use a product more efficiently
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computer literate
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being familiar enough with computers that you understand their capabilities and limitations and you know how to use them efficiently
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How can you be a savvy computer user?
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1. avoid hackers/viruses 2. protect privacy 3. understand the real risks 4. use the internet/web wisely 5. avoid online annoyances 6. able to maintain, upgrade, and troubleshoot a computer
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information technology (IT)
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a field of study focused on managing and processing information and the automatic retrieval of information
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data mining
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the process of searching through huge amounts of data with the hopes of finding a pattern
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augmented reality
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a combination of our normal sense of the objects around us with an overlay of information displayed
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affective computing
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computing that relates to emotion or deliberately tries to influence emotion
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describe the first personal computer
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- Altair 8000 - $395 or $498 which is about $2,000 today - No keyboard, monitor, or printer - Data inputs on the front put in 1s or 0s and then gave the results of the programs
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Steve Wozniac
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an employee of HP, became fascinated with the personal computer industry
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Steve Jobs
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working for Atari at the time, likes Wozniac's prototypes and together formed the \"Apple 1\"
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Apple Computer Company
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formed April 1st, 1976
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Apple 2
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- 1977 - had color monitor & sound - $1,300 - 4 kb RAM - Optional floppy disk drive - Most successful product in the company's early line
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Apple 3
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- 1980 release - included spreadsheet programs, games, word processor
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TRS-80
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- \"a $595 home computer\" - immediately popular: sold 10,000 in first month - 4 kb memory
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The Osborne
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- first portable computer - April 1981 - Weighed 24.5 lbs - $1,795 - 64 kb memory - Following the release of The Executive, a successor the The Osborne, the Osborne company close and Compaq bought the designs
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IBM PC
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- IBM's first personal computer - Marketed through Sears and Computer land - $1,565 - 64 kb memory
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Programming Languages
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FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL
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Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)
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- revolutionized software - easy to learn - Bill Gates and Paul Allen used it to write for the Altair and led to the creation of Microsoft
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Disk 2
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floppy disk designed by Steve Wozniac and was 5.25 inches, introduced in 1978
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Disk Operating System (DOS)
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1977, designed by Steve Wozniac, was the OS that controlled the first Apple Computers
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The Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/N)
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developed by Gad Kildall, first OS designed for Intel 8080 chip, then founded his own company called Digital Research
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MS-DOS
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based on Quick and Dirty Operating System (QDOS) developed by Seattle Computer Products
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VisiCalc
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created by Harvard Business School students Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston, a spreadsheet program to be used on PCs
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WordStar
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the first word processing application
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Word for MS-DOS
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the precursor to Microsoft Word
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Graphical User Interface (GUI)
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allows users to interact with the computer more easily; displays graphics and use the point-and-click technology of the curser and the mouse
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Lisa
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the first successful PC that used GUI, priced too high at $9,995
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Macintosh
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everything the Lisa had, and more and cost a third of the price
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Mosaic
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a web browser introduced in 1993 that caused web traffic to increase by 350%
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Windows 95
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produced by Microsoft, included a web browser (Internet Explorer) and also Microsoft Office applications
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The Pascalene
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the first accurate mechanical calculator, created by French mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642
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Jaquard Look
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a loom capable of weaving complex patterns
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Babbage's Engines
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Charles Babbage created the first automatic calculator called the Analytic Engine, based on the Difference Engine
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Hallerith Tabulating Machine
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a machine for the Census Bureau that tabulated census data
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Z1
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a mechanical calculator invented by Konrad Zuse
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Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)
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used vacuum tubes to store data rather than mechanical switches
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The Harvard Mark 1
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finished in 1944, could perform all four arithmetic calculations
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The Compiler
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Grace Hoper's greatest contribution, a program that translates English-language instructions into computer language
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The turning machine
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a hypothetical model that mathematically defined a mechanical procedure (or algorithm)
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Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)
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used to calculate settings for weapons, created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
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The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)
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the first commercially successful computer
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Computer
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a data processing device that performs four major functions: - input - process - output - storage
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input
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gathers data/allows users to enter data
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process
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manipulates, calculates, or organizes that data into information
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output
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displays data and information in a form suitable for the user
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storage
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saves data and information for later use
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data
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representation of a fact, figure, or idea
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information
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data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful fashion
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processing
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manipulating, calculating, or organizing
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binary language
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a language that consists of two digits: 0 and 1
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binary digit
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each 0 or 1 is represented as a bit
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byte
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8 binary digits (bits) combine to create it
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kilobyte
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approx. 1,000 bites
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megabyte
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approx. 1 million bytes
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gigabyte
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approx. 1 billion bytes
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terabyre
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approx. 1 trillion bytes
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hardware
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any part of the computer you can physically touch
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application software
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the set of programs you can use on a computer to help you carry out tasks such as writing a research paper
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system software
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the set of programs that enables your computer's hardware devices and application software to work together
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Operating Software (OS)
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the program that controls the way in which your computer system functions/manages the hardware of the computer system
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notebook computer
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portable computer that has a keyboard, monitor, and other devices integrated into a single compact case
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netbook
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small lightweight notebook computer that is generally 7-10 inches wide and has a longer battery life than a notebook computer
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tablet PC
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similar to a notebook computer, but the monitor swivels and folds flat
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tablet computer
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mobile computer integrated into a flat multitouch-sensitive screen
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desktop computer
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intended for use at a single location, which is stationary
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peripheral device
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a component such as a monitor or keyboard that is connected to the computer
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All-in-one computer
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eliminates the needs for a separate tower because these computers house the computer's processor and memory in the monitor unit
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Mainframe
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a large expensive, computer that supports hundreds of users simultaneously
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supercomputer
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a specially designed computer that can perform complex calculations extremely rapidly
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embedded computer
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a specially designed computer chip that resides in another device, such as your car or the electronic thermostat in your home
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input device
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enables you to enter data and instructions into the computer
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keyboard
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used to enter typed data and commands
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mouse
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used to enter user responses and commands
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stylus
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an input device that looks like a skinny pen but has no ink
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QWERTY keyboard
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this keyboard layout gets its name from the first siz letters in the top-left row of alphabetic keys on the keyboard and is the standard English-language keyboard layout
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bluetooth
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a wireless transmission standard that facilitates the connection of electronic computing devices such as cell phones, smartphones, and computers to peripheral devices such as keyboards and headsets
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optical mouse
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uses an internal sensor or laser to detect the mouse's movement
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touch pad
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a small, touch-sensitive area at the base of the keyboard
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touch screen
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a display that responds to commands initiated by a touch with a finger or stylus
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flash drive
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portable electronic storage device that connects to a USB port on a computer
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Microphone
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a device that allows you to capture sound waves and transfer them to digital format on your computer
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output device
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enables you to send processed data out of your computer in the form of text, pictures, sounds or video
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monitor
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one common output device that displays text, graphics, and video as soft copies
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printer
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creates hard copies of text and graphics
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liquid crystal display (LCD)
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light and energy efficient monitor (flat panel monitor)
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light emitting diode (LED)
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a newer monitor which is more energy efficient and may have better color accuracy and thinnel panels than traditional LCD monitors
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Legacy technology
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computing devices or peripherals that use techniques, parts, & methods from an earlier time that are no longer popular
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Organic light-emitting diode displays (OLED)
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use organic compounds that produce light when exposed to an electric current
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pixels
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tiny dots that make up monitor screens
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aspect ratio
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with width-to-height proportion of a montior
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resolution
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the clearness or sharpness of the image
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contrast ratio
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the measure of the difference in light intensity between the brightest white and the darkest black that the monitor can produce
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viewing angle
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and LCD's viewing angle, which is measured in degrees
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brightness
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measured as candelas per square meter; a measure of the greatest amount of light showing when the monitor is displaying pure white
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response time
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the measurement of the time it takes for a pixel to change color
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projector
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a device that can project images from your computer onto a wall or viewing screen
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nonimpact priner
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sprays ink or uses laser beams to transfer marks onto the paper
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impact printer
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has tiny hammer-like keys that strike the paper through an inked ribbon, making marks on the paper
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inkjet printer
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the standard type of printer found in most homes. they're affordable and produce high-quality color printouts quickly and quietly
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laser printer
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uses laser beams and static electricity to deliver toner onto the correct areas of the page
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plotter
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another type of printer; produces oversized pictures that require the drawing of precise and continuous lines, such as maps and detailed images
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thermal printer
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another specialty printer; works either by melting was-based ink onto ordinary paper or by burning dots onto specially coated paper
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speaker
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an output device for sound
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surround-sound speaker
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a system of speakers and audio processing that envelops the listener in a full 360-degree field of sound
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motherboard
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the main circuit board that contains the central components of the computer
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system unit
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the metal or plastic case that also houses the power source and all the storage devices
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expansion cards
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circuit boards that provide additional functionality
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sound cards
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provides a connection for the speakers and microphone
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video card
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provides a connection for the monitor
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modem card
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provides the computer with a connection to the Internet via a traditional phone line
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Network Interface card (NIC)
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enables your computer to connect with other computers or to a cable modem to facilitate a high-speed internet connection
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random access memory (RAM)
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the place in a computer where the programs and data the computer is currently using are stored
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volatile storage
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temporary storage
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read-only memory (ROM)
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holds all the instructions the computer needs to start up when it is powered on
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central processing unit (CPU)
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controls all the functions performed by the computer's other components and processes all the commands issued to it by software instructions
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Gigahertz
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billions of machine cycles per second
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Hard disk drive (HDD)
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your computer's primary device for permanent storage of software and documents
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Nonvolatile storage
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holds data and the instructions your computer needs permanently
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solid-state drive (SSD)
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have no moving parts, so they are more efficient, run with no noise, emit very little heat, and require very little power
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Drive bay
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a space where some permanent storage devices in your desktop or notebook computer
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internal hard drive
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usually holds all permanently stored programs and data
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external hard drive
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small enough tot fit into your pocket and have storage capacities of 1 or 2 TB
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flash memory card
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portable storage; use solid-state flash memory
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optical drive
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optical storage that can read CDs, DVDs, or Blu-Ray Discs
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CDs
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created to store audio files
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DVDs
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the same size and shape as a CD but can hold more data
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Blu-ray disc
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similar to CDs and DVDs but can hold as much as 50GB of data
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port
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a place through which a peripheral device attaches to the computer so that data can be exchanged between it and the operating system
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Universal Serial Bus port (USB)
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the most common port type used to connect input and output devices to the computer
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FireWire 400
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an interface that moves data at 400 Mbps
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FireWire 800
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an interface that moves data at 800 Mbps
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Connectivity port
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gives you access to networks and the Internet or enables your computer to function as a fax machine
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Ethernet port
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a port that resembles a standard phone jack but is slightly larger; transfers data at speeds up to 10,000 Mbps
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Modem port
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a second connectivity port that will accept a standard phone line connector
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video graphics array
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a port to with CRT monitors connect
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digital video interface (DVI)
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cables that connect to DVD players and projectors
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S-video (super video)
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ports that also connect DVD players and projectors
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High-definition multimedia interface (HDMI)
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a compact audio-video interface that carries both high-definition video and uncompressed digital audio on one cable
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the power supply
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housed inside the system unit, transfers the wall voltage to the voltages required by computing chips
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cold boot
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powering on your computer from a completely turned off state
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sleep mode
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all of the documents, applications, and data you were using remain in RAM memory, where they are quickly accessible when you restart your computer
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hibernate
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another power-saving mode that stores your data in memory and saves it to your computer's hard drive
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warm boot
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restarting the system while it's powered on
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ergonomics
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\"an applied science concerned with designing and arranging things people use to that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely\"
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Why was the internet created?
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created during the Cold War to establish a secure from of military communications and provide way for all computers to interact
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Fathers of the internet
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Vinton Cerf & Robert Kahn
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computer is client
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asks for data
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computer is server
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receives request and returns data
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how do computers talk to each other?
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1. enter web address (request info) 2. request is sent to server 3. data sent back to client 4. data displayed on monitor
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E-Commerce
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electronic commerce; the process of conducting business online, through ads and selling products
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Click and brick
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target + target.com, online & legit stores
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business to consumer (B2C)
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transactions and business to business (B2B) and also consumer to consumer (C2C)
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browser
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software installed that allows you to access Web
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What are the different parts that make up a URL?
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1. Protocol 2. Domain 3. Path
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Protocol
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set of rules: - allows files to be transferred from web server
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breadcrumb trail
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a list of pages, within a site, you've visitied
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live bookmarks
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use RSS feed to notify you of new content
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Sub directory
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a structured outline of websites organized by topics
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Metasearch engines
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search other search engines instead of websites
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spider
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collects data on web from many sites
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boolean operators
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and, or, not, that describe relationship between key words in a search
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evaluating a site
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authority, bias, relevance, audience, links
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relativism
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no universal moral truth, just beliefs, points of views, and values
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situational ethics
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decisions should be made in a situation by fixed laws
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rule utilitarianism
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theory that if everyone adheres to the same moral code, society will improve
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personal ethics
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criterion that you make decisions based on
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what are some factors that influence ethics?
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1. family 2. religion 3. experiences
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positive psychology
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studies causes of happiness vs. treatment of mental dysfunction
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stakeholder
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people who are affected by operations of a business consider effect on them before making a decision
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software
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a set of instructions that tell computers what to do
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types of software
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System software (run computer/coordinate tasks) & Application software (used for daily tasks)
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Software as a Service (SAAS)
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a web-based application where you do't need to install or buy to use (Google Docs)
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productivity software
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programs that allow you to perform daily tasks
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word processing software
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create, edit documents
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open source software
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freely distributed to others, publicly available to download install and change for free, few restrictions
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proprietary software
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not free, not open, copyright protections
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spreadsheet software
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programs that allow for calculations and analysis easily
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presentation software
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outlines of presentations, slideshows
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database software
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programs that allow you to store or organize data and generate reports organized into fields, records and tables
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Personal Information Manager Software (PIM)
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replace the management tools on a desk with a computer
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wizard
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systematic guide that helps you do stuff
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template
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predesigned form, layouts, formats, etc.
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macro
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small program that groups a series of commands so they run as a single command
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software suites
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group of programs bundled so they can run as a single command
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tax-prep software
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enables you to do your own taxes
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financial planning software
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helps you to manage your daily finances
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accounting software
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helps businesses manage finances
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desktop publishing software
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incorporate/arrange graphic and texts into more creative and complex ways
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webpage authoring software
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allows novices to make web pages
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project management software
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create/edit schedule charts, track tasks and coordinate resources
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customer relationship management software
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stores sales and client information in central database
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enterprise resource planning system
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consolidate multiple systems into one and improve coordination across departments
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mapping programs
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helps travelers in unfamiliar areas
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vertical mapping software
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designed for specific industry
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computer-aided design
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create automated designs, drawings, and 3D models
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multimedia software
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image, video, audio editing software
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media editing software
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organize, soft information, and media
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educational software
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new skills
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simulation programs
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tutorials for software
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freeware
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copyrighted software available for free
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betaversion
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software trial still under development
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open office
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similar to MS Office but not free to download and use writer, calculator, impress, and base
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email client alternative
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thunderbird
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drawing software
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draw, dia, sketchup 3D
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photo editing
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GIMP instead of Photoshop
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Lunux
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opensource OS (portable, safer, better privacy, takes up less space on the hard drive)
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Mac OS X Lion
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stable, reliable, safer from hackers
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hardware alternatives
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1. Apple 2. build your own: case, motherboard, CPU, RAP, hard drive, power supply, video card, sound card, optical drivers
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systems software
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the set of programs that helps run the computer and coordinates the instructions between application software and the computer's hardware devices
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user interface
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the features of a program such as the desktop, menus and icons that allow the user to communicate with the computer system
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utility program
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a small program that performs many general tasks
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icons
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pictures that represent an object such as a software application or a file or folder
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menu
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list of commands
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multitask
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to perform more than one process at a time
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Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
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embedded system, machinery that is required to perform a repetitive series of specific tasks in an exact amount of time
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Firmware
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instructions permanently installed onto computer chips
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multiuser operating system (network operating system)
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enables more than one user to access the computer system at one time by efficiently handling and prioritizing requests from multiple users
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unix
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a multiuser, multitask operating system used as a network operating system, primarily with mainframes, although it is often found on PCs
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windows
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an operating environment that worked with MS-DOS and incorporated a user-friendly interface like the one that was first introduced with Apple's operating system
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Windows 7
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a microsoft OS that builds on security and user interface upgrades
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Mac OS
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the first commercially available operating system
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platform
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the combination of an operating system and the processor
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linix
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an open source operating system designed for use on personal computers and as a network operating system
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command-driven interface
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you input commands to communicate with the computer
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event
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an action in which the respective device responds
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interrupt
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a unique signal that tells the computer to carry out an immediate action
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interrupt handler
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a special numerical code that prioritizes the request
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preemptive multitasking
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the OS carries out a high priority task over a low priority task
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virtual memory
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the process of optimizing RAM storage by bowing space on the hard drive
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swap file (Page file)
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movement of files to a temporary storage area on the hard drive
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thrashing
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the condition of excessive paging
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plug and play (PnP)
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software and hardware standard designed to facilitate the installation of new hardware in PCs by including the OS the drivers these devices need in order to run
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application programming interface (API)
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the application software needs in order to interact with the OS
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power-on self test (POST)
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the BIOS checks all attached devices are in place
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basis input/output system (BIOS)
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a program that manages the exchange of date between the operating system and all the input and output devices and attached to the system
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System Files
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the main files of the operating system
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Kernel (supervisor program)
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an essential component of the operating system
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registry
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contains all the different settings used by the OS
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authentication
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the verification of your login name and password
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device manager
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a feature in the operating system that lets you view and change the properties of all devices connected to the computer
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last known good configuration
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if there is a problem in the boot process, pressing the F8 key will boot to this
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recycle bin
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location for deleted files
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gadgets
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a mini-program that gives you information at a glance
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taskbar
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displays open and favorite applications for easy access
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documents
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a convenient organizational tool that enables you to keep all your documents in one place
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all programs
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in the start menu, provides access to all available programs
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widget
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a mini-application that gives quick access to frequently used tools and activities
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file management
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provides organizational structure to the computer's contents
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directory
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structure that includes files, libraries, and drives
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folder
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a collection of files
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library
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gathers files from different folders and displays them as if they were all saved in a single folder
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root directory
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the C drive, or hard drive, a large filing cabinet in which all files are stored
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windows explorer
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the main tool for finding, viewing, and managing the contents of your computer
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file names
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the name assigned to the file when you save it
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extension (file type)
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identifies the family of files it is in
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file path
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determines the location of the file
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path separator
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the backslash character, used by Windows and DOS
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disk defragmenter
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regroups related pieces of files on the hard drive allowing the OS to work more efficiently
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error checking
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a Windows utility that checks for the lost files and fragments as well as physical errors on your hard drive
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file allocation table (FAT)
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an index of all sector numbers in a table
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task manager
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a utility to check on the program or exit the non responsive program
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system restore
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lets you roll your system settings back to a specific date when everything was working properly
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system restore point
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a snapshot of your entire system's settings
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