CGS Chapter 1 Flashcards

Q: creative surplus

the ability of the world\'s populace to volunteer and collaborate on large projects

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Social Networking

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the gathering of groups of people using online tools to connect and exchange ideas

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The Witness Project

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use media to share abuses of human rights

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The digital divide

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the term for the gap in levels of internet access and the availability of technical tools in different regions of the world

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Autonomy

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the freedom to work without constant direction and control

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Mastery

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the feeling of confidence and excitement from seeing your own skills progress

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Purpose

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simply the understanding that you are working for something larger than yourself

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creative surplus

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the ability of the world's populace to volunteer and collaborate on large projects

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QR (Quick Response) codes

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lets any piece of print in the real world host a live link to online information and video content

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Crowdsourcing

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checking in with the voice of the crowd

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Swap.com

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uses peer-to-peer connections to find the best matches to sell used DVDs, games, etc.

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Collaborative consumption

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joining together to use a product more efficiently

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computer literate

answer

being familiar enough with computers that you understand their capabilities and limitations and you know how to use them efficiently

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How can you be a savvy computer user?

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1. avoid hackers/viruses 2. protect privacy 3. understand the real risks 4. use the internet/web wisely 5. avoid online annoyances 6. able to maintain, upgrade, and troubleshoot a computer

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information technology (IT)

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a field of study focused on managing and processing information and the automatic retrieval of information

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data mining

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the process of searching through huge amounts of data with the hopes of finding a pattern

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augmented reality

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a combination of our normal sense of the objects around us with an overlay of information displayed

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affective computing

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computing that relates to emotion or deliberately tries to influence emotion

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describe the first personal computer

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- Altair 8000 - $395 or $498 which is about $2,000 today - No keyboard, monitor, or printer - Data inputs on the front put in 1s or 0s and then gave the results of the programs

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Steve Wozniac

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an employee of HP, became fascinated with the personal computer industry

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Steve Jobs

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working for Atari at the time, likes Wozniac's prototypes and together formed the \"Apple 1\"

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Apple Computer Company

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formed April 1st, 1976

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Apple 2

answer

- 1977 - had color monitor & sound - $1,300 - 4 kb RAM - Optional floppy disk drive - Most successful product in the company's early line

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Apple 3

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- 1980 release - included spreadsheet programs, games, word processor

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TRS-80

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- \"a $595 home computer\" - immediately popular: sold 10,000 in first month - 4 kb memory

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The Osborne

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- first portable computer - April 1981 - Weighed 24.5 lbs - $1,795 - 64 kb memory - Following the release of The Executive, a successor the The Osborne, the Osborne company close and Compaq bought the designs

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IBM PC

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- IBM's first personal computer - Marketed through Sears and Computer land - $1,565 - 64 kb memory

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Programming Languages

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FORTRAN, ALGOL, COBOL

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Beginners All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code (BASIC)

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- revolutionized software - easy to learn - Bill Gates and Paul Allen used it to write for the Altair and led to the creation of Microsoft

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Disk 2

answer

floppy disk designed by Steve Wozniac and was 5.25 inches, introduced in 1978

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Disk Operating System (DOS)

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1977, designed by Steve Wozniac, was the OS that controlled the first Apple Computers

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The Control Program for Microcomputers (CP/N)

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developed by Gad Kildall, first OS designed for Intel 8080 chip, then founded his own company called Digital Research

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MS-DOS

answer

based on Quick and Dirty Operating System (QDOS) developed by Seattle Computer Products

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VisiCalc

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created by Harvard Business School students Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston, a spreadsheet program to be used on PCs

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WordStar

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the first word processing application

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Word for MS-DOS

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the precursor to Microsoft Word

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Graphical User Interface (GUI)

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allows users to interact with the computer more easily; displays graphics and use the point-and-click technology of the curser and the mouse

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Lisa

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the first successful PC that used GUI, priced too high at $9,995

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Macintosh

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everything the Lisa had, and more and cost a third of the price

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Mosaic

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a web browser introduced in 1993 that caused web traffic to increase by 350%

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Windows 95

answer

produced by Microsoft, included a web browser (Internet Explorer) and also Microsoft Office applications

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The Pascalene

answer

the first accurate mechanical calculator, created by French mathematician Blaise Pascal in 1642

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Jaquard Look

answer

a loom capable of weaving complex patterns

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Babbage's Engines

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Charles Babbage created the first automatic calculator called the Analytic Engine, based on the Difference Engine

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Hallerith Tabulating Machine

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a machine for the Census Bureau that tabulated census data

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Z1

answer

a mechanical calculator invented by Konrad Zuse

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Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC)

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used vacuum tubes to store data rather than mechanical switches

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The Harvard Mark 1

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finished in 1944, could perform all four arithmetic calculations

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The Compiler

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Grace Hoper's greatest contribution, a program that translates English-language instructions into computer language

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The turning machine

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a hypothetical model that mathematically defined a mechanical procedure (or algorithm)

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Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC)

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used to calculate settings for weapons, created by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert

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The Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC)

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the first commercially successful computer

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Computer

answer

a data processing device that performs four major functions: - input - process - output - storage

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input

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gathers data/allows users to enter data

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process

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manipulates, calculates, or organizes that data into information

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output

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displays data and information in a form suitable for the user

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storage

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saves data and information for later use

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data

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representation of a fact, figure, or idea

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information

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data that has been organized or presented in a meaningful fashion

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processing

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manipulating, calculating, or organizing

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binary language

answer

a language that consists of two digits: 0 and 1

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binary digit

answer

each 0 or 1 is represented as a bit

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byte

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8 binary digits (bits) combine to create it

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kilobyte

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approx. 1,000 bites

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megabyte

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approx. 1 million bytes

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gigabyte

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approx. 1 billion bytes

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terabyre

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approx. 1 trillion bytes

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hardware

answer

any part of the computer you can physically touch

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application software

answer

the set of programs you can use on a computer to help you carry out tasks such as writing a research paper

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system software

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the set of programs that enables your computer's hardware devices and application software to work together

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Operating Software (OS)

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the program that controls the way in which your computer system functions/manages the hardware of the computer system

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notebook computer

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portable computer that has a keyboard, monitor, and other devices integrated into a single compact case

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netbook

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small lightweight notebook computer that is generally 7-10 inches wide and has a longer battery life than a notebook computer

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tablet PC

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similar to a notebook computer, but the monitor swivels and folds flat

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tablet computer

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mobile computer integrated into a flat multitouch-sensitive screen

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desktop computer

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intended for use at a single location, which is stationary

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peripheral device

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a component such as a monitor or keyboard that is connected to the computer

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All-in-one computer

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eliminates the needs for a separate tower because these computers house the computer's processor and memory in the monitor unit

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Mainframe

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a large expensive, computer that supports hundreds of users simultaneously

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supercomputer

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a specially designed computer that can perform complex calculations extremely rapidly

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embedded computer

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a specially designed computer chip that resides in another device, such as your car or the electronic thermostat in your home

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input device

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enables you to enter data and instructions into the computer

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keyboard

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used to enter typed data and commands

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mouse

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used to enter user responses and commands

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stylus

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an input device that looks like a skinny pen but has no ink

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QWERTY keyboard

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this keyboard layout gets its name from the first siz letters in the top-left row of alphabetic keys on the keyboard and is the standard English-language keyboard layout

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bluetooth

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a wireless transmission standard that facilitates the connection of electronic computing devices such as cell phones, smartphones, and computers to peripheral devices such as keyboards and headsets

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optical mouse

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uses an internal sensor or laser to detect the mouse's movement

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touch pad

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a small, touch-sensitive area at the base of the keyboard

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touch screen

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a display that responds to commands initiated by a touch with a finger or stylus

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flash drive

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portable electronic storage device that connects to a USB port on a computer

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Microphone

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a device that allows you to capture sound waves and transfer them to digital format on your computer

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output device

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enables you to send processed data out of your computer in the form of text, pictures, sounds or video

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monitor

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one common output device that displays text, graphics, and video as soft copies

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printer

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creates hard copies of text and graphics

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liquid crystal display (LCD)

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light and energy efficient monitor (flat panel monitor)

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light emitting diode (LED)

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a newer monitor which is more energy efficient and may have better color accuracy and thinnel panels than traditional LCD monitors

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Legacy technology

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computing devices or peripherals that use techniques, parts, & methods from an earlier time that are no longer popular

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Organic light-emitting diode displays (OLED)

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use organic compounds that produce light when exposed to an electric current

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pixels

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tiny dots that make up monitor screens

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aspect ratio

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with width-to-height proportion of a montior

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resolution

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the clearness or sharpness of the image

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contrast ratio

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the measure of the difference in light intensity between the brightest white and the darkest black that the monitor can produce

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viewing angle

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and LCD's viewing angle, which is measured in degrees

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brightness

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measured as candelas per square meter; a measure of the greatest amount of light showing when the monitor is displaying pure white

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response time

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the measurement of the time it takes for a pixel to change color

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projector

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a device that can project images from your computer onto a wall or viewing screen

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nonimpact priner

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sprays ink or uses laser beams to transfer marks onto the paper

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impact printer

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has tiny hammer-like keys that strike the paper through an inked ribbon, making marks on the paper

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inkjet printer

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the standard type of printer found in most homes. they're affordable and produce high-quality color printouts quickly and quietly

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laser printer

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uses laser beams and static electricity to deliver toner onto the correct areas of the page

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plotter

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another type of printer; produces oversized pictures that require the drawing of precise and continuous lines, such as maps and detailed images

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thermal printer

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another specialty printer; works either by melting was-based ink onto ordinary paper or by burning dots onto specially coated paper

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speaker

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an output device for sound

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surround-sound speaker

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a system of speakers and audio processing that envelops the listener in a full 360-degree field of sound

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motherboard

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the main circuit board that contains the central components of the computer

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system unit

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the metal or plastic case that also houses the power source and all the storage devices

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expansion cards

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circuit boards that provide additional functionality

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sound cards

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provides a connection for the speakers and microphone

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video card

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provides a connection for the monitor

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modem card

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provides the computer with a connection to the Internet via a traditional phone line

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Network Interface card (NIC)

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enables your computer to connect with other computers or to a cable modem to facilitate a high-speed internet connection

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random access memory (RAM)

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the place in a computer where the programs and data the computer is currently using are stored

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volatile storage

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temporary storage

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read-only memory (ROM)

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holds all the instructions the computer needs to start up when it is powered on

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central processing unit (CPU)

answer

controls all the functions performed by the computer's other components and processes all the commands issued to it by software instructions

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Gigahertz

answer

billions of machine cycles per second

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Hard disk drive (HDD)

answer

your computer's primary device for permanent storage of software and documents

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Nonvolatile storage

answer

holds data and the instructions your computer needs permanently

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solid-state drive (SSD)

answer

have no moving parts, so they are more efficient, run with no noise, emit very little heat, and require very little power

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Drive bay

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a space where some permanent storage devices in your desktop or notebook computer

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internal hard drive

answer

usually holds all permanently stored programs and data

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external hard drive

answer

small enough tot fit into your pocket and have storage capacities of 1 or 2 TB

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flash memory card

answer

portable storage; use solid-state flash memory

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optical drive

answer

optical storage that can read CDs, DVDs, or Blu-Ray Discs

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CDs

answer

created to store audio files

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DVDs

answer

the same size and shape as a CD but can hold more data

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Blu-ray disc

answer

similar to CDs and DVDs but can hold as much as 50GB of data

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port

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a place through which a peripheral device attaches to the computer so that data can be exchanged between it and the operating system

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Universal Serial Bus port (USB)

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the most common port type used to connect input and output devices to the computer

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FireWire 400

answer

an interface that moves data at 400 Mbps

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FireWire 800

answer

an interface that moves data at 800 Mbps

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Connectivity port

answer

gives you access to networks and the Internet or enables your computer to function as a fax machine

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Ethernet port

answer

a port that resembles a standard phone jack but is slightly larger; transfers data at speeds up to 10,000 Mbps

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Modem port

answer

a second connectivity port that will accept a standard phone line connector

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video graphics array

answer

a port to with CRT monitors connect

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digital video interface (DVI)

answer

cables that connect to DVD players and projectors

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S-video (super video)

answer

ports that also connect DVD players and projectors

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High-definition multimedia interface (HDMI)

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a compact audio-video interface that carries both high-definition video and uncompressed digital audio on one cable

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the power supply

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housed inside the system unit, transfers the wall voltage to the voltages required by computing chips

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cold boot

answer

powering on your computer from a completely turned off state

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sleep mode

answer

all of the documents, applications, and data you were using remain in RAM memory, where they are quickly accessible when you restart your computer

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hibernate

answer

another power-saving mode that stores your data in memory and saves it to your computer's hard drive

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warm boot

answer

restarting the system while it's powered on

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ergonomics

answer

\"an applied science concerned with designing and arranging things people use to that the people and things interact most efficiently and safely\"

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Why was the internet created?

answer

created during the Cold War to establish a secure from of military communications and provide way for all computers to interact

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Fathers of the internet

answer

Vinton Cerf & Robert Kahn

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computer is client

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asks for data

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computer is server

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receives request and returns data

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how do computers talk to each other?

answer

1. enter web address (request info) 2. request is sent to server 3. data sent back to client 4. data displayed on monitor

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E-Commerce

answer

electronic commerce; the process of conducting business online, through ads and selling products

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Click and brick

answer

target + target.com, online & legit stores

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business to consumer (B2C)

answer

transactions and business to business (B2B) and also consumer to consumer (C2C)

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browser

answer

software installed that allows you to access Web

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What are the different parts that make up a URL?

answer

1. Protocol 2. Domain 3. Path

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Protocol

answer

set of rules: - allows files to be transferred from web server

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breadcrumb trail

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a list of pages, within a site, you've visitied

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live bookmarks

answer

use RSS feed to notify you of new content

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Sub directory

answer

a structured outline of websites organized by topics

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Metasearch engines

answer

search other search engines instead of websites

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spider

answer

collects data on web from many sites

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boolean operators

answer

and, or, not, that describe relationship between key words in a search

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evaluating a site

answer

authority, bias, relevance, audience, links

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relativism

answer

no universal moral truth, just beliefs, points of views, and values

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situational ethics

answer

decisions should be made in a situation by fixed laws

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rule utilitarianism

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theory that if everyone adheres to the same moral code, society will improve

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personal ethics

answer

criterion that you make decisions based on

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what are some factors that influence ethics?

answer

1. family 2. religion 3. experiences

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positive psychology

answer

studies causes of happiness vs. treatment of mental dysfunction

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stakeholder

answer

people who are affected by operations of a business consider effect on them before making a decision

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software

answer

a set of instructions that tell computers what to do

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types of software

answer

System software (run computer/coordinate tasks) & Application software (used for daily tasks)

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Software as a Service (SAAS)

answer

a web-based application where you do't need to install or buy to use (Google Docs)

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productivity software

answer

programs that allow you to perform daily tasks

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word processing software

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create, edit documents

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open source software

answer

freely distributed to others, publicly available to download install and change for free, few restrictions

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proprietary software

answer

not free, not open, copyright protections

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spreadsheet software

answer

programs that allow for calculations and analysis easily

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presentation software

answer

outlines of presentations, slideshows

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database software

answer

programs that allow you to store or organize data and generate reports organized into fields, records and tables

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Personal Information Manager Software (PIM)

answer

replace the management tools on a desk with a computer

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wizard

answer

systematic guide that helps you do stuff

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template

answer

predesigned form, layouts, formats, etc.

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macro

answer

small program that groups a series of commands so they run as a single command

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software suites

answer

group of programs bundled so they can run as a single command

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tax-prep software

answer

enables you to do your own taxes

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financial planning software

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helps you to manage your daily finances

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accounting software

answer

helps businesses manage finances

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desktop publishing software

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incorporate/arrange graphic and texts into more creative and complex ways

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webpage authoring software

answer

allows novices to make web pages

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project management software

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create/edit schedule charts, track tasks and coordinate resources

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customer relationship management software

answer

stores sales and client information in central database

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enterprise resource planning system

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consolidate multiple systems into one and improve coordination across departments

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mapping programs

answer

helps travelers in unfamiliar areas

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vertical mapping software

answer

designed for specific industry

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computer-aided design

answer

create automated designs, drawings, and 3D models

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multimedia software

answer

image, video, audio editing software

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media editing software

answer

organize, soft information, and media

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educational software

answer

new skills

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simulation programs

answer

tutorials for software

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freeware

answer

copyrighted software available for free

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betaversion

answer

software trial still under development

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open office

answer

similar to MS Office but not free to download and use writer, calculator, impress, and base

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email client alternative

answer

thunderbird

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drawing software

answer

draw, dia, sketchup 3D

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photo editing

answer

GIMP instead of Photoshop

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Lunux

answer

opensource OS (portable, safer, better privacy, takes up less space on the hard drive)

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Mac OS X Lion

answer

stable, reliable, safer from hackers

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hardware alternatives

answer

1. Apple 2. build your own: case, motherboard, CPU, RAP, hard drive, power supply, video card, sound card, optical drivers

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systems software

answer

the set of programs that helps run the computer and coordinates the instructions between application software and the computer's hardware devices

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user interface

answer

the features of a program such as the desktop, menus and icons that allow the user to communicate with the computer system

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utility program

answer

a small program that performs many general tasks

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icons

answer

pictures that represent an object such as a software application or a file or folder

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menu

answer

list of commands

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multitask

answer

to perform more than one process at a time

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Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)

answer

embedded system, machinery that is required to perform a repetitive series of specific tasks in an exact amount of time

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Firmware

answer

instructions permanently installed onto computer chips

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multiuser operating system (network operating system)

answer

enables more than one user to access the computer system at one time by efficiently handling and prioritizing requests from multiple users

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unix

answer

a multiuser, multitask operating system used as a network operating system, primarily with mainframes, although it is often found on PCs

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windows

answer

an operating environment that worked with MS-DOS and incorporated a user-friendly interface like the one that was first introduced with Apple's operating system

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Windows 7

answer

a microsoft OS that builds on security and user interface upgrades

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Mac OS

answer

the first commercially available operating system

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platform

answer

the combination of an operating system and the processor

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linix

answer

an open source operating system designed for use on personal computers and as a network operating system

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command-driven interface

answer

you input commands to communicate with the computer

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event

answer

an action in which the respective device responds

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interrupt

answer

a unique signal that tells the computer to carry out an immediate action

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interrupt handler

answer

a special numerical code that prioritizes the request

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preemptive multitasking

answer

the OS carries out a high priority task over a low priority task

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virtual memory

answer

the process of optimizing RAM storage by bowing space on the hard drive

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swap file (Page file)

answer

movement of files to a temporary storage area on the hard drive

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thrashing

answer

the condition of excessive paging

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plug and play (PnP)

answer

software and hardware standard designed to facilitate the installation of new hardware in PCs by including the OS the drivers these devices need in order to run

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application programming interface (API)

answer

the application software needs in order to interact with the OS

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power-on self test (POST)

answer

the BIOS checks all attached devices are in place

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basis input/output system (BIOS)

answer

a program that manages the exchange of date between the operating system and all the input and output devices and attached to the system

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System Files

answer

the main files of the operating system

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Kernel (supervisor program)

answer

an essential component of the operating system

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registry

answer

contains all the different settings used by the OS

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authentication

answer

the verification of your login name and password

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device manager

answer

a feature in the operating system that lets you view and change the properties of all devices connected to the computer

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last known good configuration

answer

if there is a problem in the boot process, pressing the F8 key will boot to this

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recycle bin

answer

location for deleted files

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gadgets

answer

a mini-program that gives you information at a glance

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taskbar

answer

displays open and favorite applications for easy access

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documents

answer

a convenient organizational tool that enables you to keep all your documents in one place

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all programs

answer

in the start menu, provides access to all available programs

question

widget

answer

a mini-application that gives quick access to frequently used tools and activities

question

file management

answer

provides organizational structure to the computer's contents

question

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