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Plasma Membrane

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A bi-layer structure that holds the components of the cell together and acts as a barrier to foreign substances. It is made up of two layers of special fat molecules called phospholipids, with globular proteins found throughout the layers.

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Centrioles

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A pair of short tubular structures found outside, but near the cells nucleus. When the cell is
about to divide, these structures will first replicate, separate and then migrate to opposite ends of the nucleus. These structures construct the spindle fibres which is the "scaffolding" that chromosomes need migrate into the newly forming daughter cells.

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Cytoskeleton

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Protein strands that provide internal structure in most animal cells. Cytoskeleton is made of
microtubules.

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Cytoskeleton

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Protein strands that provide internal structure in most animal cells. Cytoskeleton is made of
microtubules.

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Eukaryote

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A division of living organisms that includes a cell which are more complex and contain a
complete nucleus. Eukaryotes have many organelles and complex linear DNA.

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Golgi complex

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A stack of membrane units that pinches off the endoplasmic reticulum. Its major function
is storage and cellular secretion.

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Lysosome

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An organelle with a membranous sac of digestive enzymes. These structures will release these
digestive enzymes into vacuoles or outside of the cell, to break down food products or foreign materials
that enter the cell.

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Microvilli

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Tiny, finger-like projections which increase the surface area of the cell so that it has more
membrane to react with its environment. The cells that line the stomach and the intestines these structures
in order to increase the digestive surface area.

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Mitochondria:

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Special microscopic, rod-shaped organelles that are found within the cytoplasm, and
produce energy for cellular use in the form of ATP.

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Nucleolus

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A cellular organelle without its own membrane found inside the nucleus. Its function is unclear, but it may produce ribosomes and RNA (ribonucleic acid).

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Nucleus:

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An organelle in the cell that contains chromatin or chromosomes surrounded by a double-layered
membrane. The chromosomes give the cell instructions to produce the proteins that control cellular
division. This organelle disappears during cellular division (mitosis)

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Organelle:

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microscopic structure within the cells cytoplasm that has a special function. Examples include the nucleus, ribosomes and mitochondria.

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Endoplasmic reticulum

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A membrane that runs throughout the cells cytoplasm. It connects different organelles and functions to transport and store material within the cell. It is found in two forms, smooth and rough related to the presence or lack of attached ribosomes

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Cilia:

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Short, protein hair-like projections found on the outside of the plasma membrane. These are
common in the respiratory and reproductive tracts.

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Spindle fibre

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A Microtubule produced from the centrioles of a dividing cell. These structures guide the movement and separation of chromosomes during mitosis and meiosis.

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Cell wall

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A rigid structure that is found around the cell in plants and composed mostly of cellulose.

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Vacuole

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a larger sac of fluids found in the cell. These sacs of
water and/or food particles are contained by membranes that float throughout the cytoplasm. Their basic function is storage and internal transport of material. These sacs are much larger in plant

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Prokaryotic

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a microscopic single-celled organism which has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria. Contain one simple circular chromosome

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Vesicle

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A small sac of water and/or food particles contained by membranes, that float throughout the cytoplasm.
Their basic function is storage and transport. They will fuse together to produce a larger sac. More commonly found in animals cells.

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Ribosome

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Small organelle responsible for facilitating the production of proteins.

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Plastid

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an organelle only found in plants that contains pigments, DNA, ribosomes and is responsible for
food productions and storage. A Chloroplast is an example of a of this organelle.

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Chloroplast

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An organelle found in plants which contains chlorophyll and in which photosynthesis takes place. This organelle converts Carbon Dioxide and water into Glucose using the energy from the sun.

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Cytoplasm

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A fluid surrounded by a cellular membrane. This fluid is 70% water mixed with dissolved salts, minerals and some floating globs of protein and fat. Organelles are suspended and float in this fluid.

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Flagella

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slender thread-like structure, especially a microscopic whip-like appendage which enables many protozoa, bacteria, spermatozoa, etc. to swim.

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glyoxysome

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A micro body found in plants that can produce various chemicals needed by the plant. They contain enzymes that breakdown fatty acids and make sugar in particular for the germinating seedlings.

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phagocyte

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A type of cell that is able to pinch off relatively large bulges in the plasma membrane in order
to move larger wastes, such as an invading bacterial cell, in or out of the cell.

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