CEHRS Exam Study Guide – Flashcards
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Electronic Health Record (EHR)
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computerized lifelong record health care record w/ data from all sources technology that intertwines health info from a variety of sources every encounter an ind has w/ the health care system is documented (labs, scripts, ER visits, etc...)
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New position created by EHR
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*Clinical Analyst *Health Information Technician * Records and info coordinator
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What setting may a CHERS work?
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* Dr office labs * Ref Labs * Urgent Care Centers * Nursing Home Facilities * Wellness Clinics * Hospitals
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Why were chances in technology made?
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from realization that medical records were not meeting the needs of dr's & pt's. Increase in errors, rising health care costs and missing link in a pt's coordination of care.
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Medical Errors
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-among most common causes of death, occur b/c: *Lost medical records *Miscommunicated pt request/messages *Unreadable info due to poor handwriting *Mislabeled lab specimens many of these errors could be overcome if info tech were applied throughout healthcare system.
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What potential does HIT have?
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improve the quality of care and possibly reduce the number of deaths attributed to medical errors
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What was HIPPA designed for?
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enacted in 1996, designed to protect pt's private health info, ensure health care coverage when workers change or lose their jobs, and uncover fraud and abuse in health care systems.
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HIPPA requires the use of electronic rather than paper ins claims?
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True
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Standards
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commonly agreed upon specifications, are what helped establish the requirements necessary for agencies to follow
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When did Pres Bush recommend the use of Health Information Technology (HIT)? What was the goal? Who was established to meet this goal?
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In 2004, set 10 yr goal for all americans to be using EHR's, and established the OFFICE OF NATIONAL COORDINATION FOR HEALTH INFORMATION (ONCHIT) to meet this goal.
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HITSP?
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department/organ that identified standards for exchange of health info
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CCHIT?
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developed certification criteria for EHR software
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What does the Nationwide Health Information Network (NHIN) provide?
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links medical records across the country
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What 8 core functions does the Institute of Medicine suggest an EHR should include?
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1) Health Info and data elements 2) Results Management 3) Order Management 4) Decision Support 5) Electronic communications and connectivity 6) Patient Support 7) Administrative Processes 8) Reporting and population management
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Medical Record
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an important business document used to support treatment decisions documents services provided could also be used in court of law for evidence purposes
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Electronic Medical Record (EMR)
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computerized records of one dr's encounter w/ a pt over time including medical history, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis
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What is the contrast between EMR's and EHR's?
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EMR's reflect treatment of a pt by one dr as EHR reflects data from ALL sources that have treated and ind
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Personal Health Record (PHR)
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maintained & owned by the pt, pt makes decisions whether to share contents w/ their dr.
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Acute Care
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most often refers to a hospital, treats pt's w/ urgent problems that cannot be handled in another setting (hospital records keep track of time-limited episodes where dr charts reflect the ongoing health of ind) ***Inpatient treatment***
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Ambulatory Care
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refers to treatment w/o admission to hospital
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What are the advantages of EHR's?
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*Safety *Quality of Care *Efficiency *Cost Reduction
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Will the decision of going completely electronic have a huge impact on pt efficiency?
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Yes
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What is a Total Conversion?
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method of converting medical records all at one from paper to electronic, may be costly, but it allows all pt data to be converted at once while office can still service pt's ***outsourced to an external company***
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What is Incremental Conversion?
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gradual change to electronic records. Advantage of this type of change are lower cost and a smoother transition due to less of an impact on the office. Disadvantages are that paper still needs to be used and not all pt data is available. ***usually begins w/ pt's w/ scheduled appt****
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What is Hybrid Conversion?
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using a combination of paper and electron form of data. No matter what form is used dr still need to enter progress notes (most dr choose dictation/transcription process) ***some may be outsourced, others in house**
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What are clinical templates and what do they allow?
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structured form (progress notes) that allows dr's to document pt encounters into an EHR, once it is entered it must be INTEROPERABLE: must be able to exchange info and use it in a meaningful way, therefore clinical standards are important to the details of pt info
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Clinical Standards
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-ensure consistency, reliability and safety
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Types of Clinical Standards
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-CLINICAL VOCABULARIES- set of common definitions for medical terms, they ease communications by decreasing ambiguity -SNOMED-CT- clinical vocabulary designed to encompass all terms used in medicine -LOINC- terms and codes used for electronic exchange of lab results and clinical observations -UMLS- thesaurus database of medical terms
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What are CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS?
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they organize terms into categories for easy retrieval, they are used for billing and reimbursement, statistical reporting and admin functions
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ICD-9 and ICD-10
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International Classification of Disease-standard developed by World Health Organization (WHO) contains diagnosis codes that are used in all health care settings.
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ICD-9-CM
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DIAGNOSIS USAGE: Inpatient & Outpatient *Number of characters: 3-5 alphanumeric *Number of Codes: 13,000 PROCEDURE USAGE: Inpatient* *# of characters: 3-4 numeric *# of codes 4,000
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ICD-10-CM
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DIAGNOSIS USAGE: inpatient & outpatient *# of characters: 3-7 alphanumeric *# of codes: 120,00 PROCEDURE USAGE: none
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ICD-10-PCS
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DIAGNOSIS USAGE: none PROCEDURE USAGE: inpatient *# of characters: 7 alphanumeric *# of codes: 200,000
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CPT
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Current Procedural Terminology- list of descriptive terms and identifying codes for reporting medical services and procedures performed by health care professionals in outpatient setting, developed and maintained by American Medical Association (AMA)
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CPT Code Ranges
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EVALUATION & MANAGEMENT (E&M): 99201-99499 (go to dr feeling 99% leave getting high five) ANESTHESIA: 00100-01999 (knocked out, always begin w/ 0) SURGERY: 10021-69990 (want to feel 100%, begins w/ 1) RADIOLOGY: (RPM, R=7, begins w/ 7) PATHOLOGY AND LABORATORY: 80047-89356 (RPM. P=8, begins w/ 8) MEDICINE: 90281-99607 (RPM, M=9, begins w/ 9)
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HCPCS
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Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System- level II, national codes, contains codes for products, supplies, and certain services not included in CPT. Codes are maintained by Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
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Messaging Standards
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-make it possible to transfer data from systems such as lab or pharmacy system, play crucial role in interoperability among info systems EX: HL7, DICOM, NCPDP AND IEEE1073
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Health Level 7 (HL7) Messaging Standards
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(messaging standard used to send data from one application to another)-scheduling, medical record & image management, pt administration, observation reporting, financial management, public health notification, and pt care **demographics **units of measure **Immunizations **Clinical encouncters **Text based reports
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Digital Imaging & Communications in Medicine (DICOM) Messaging Standards
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image info to workstations (x-rays, nuclear medicine) ***standards that enable info exchange between imaging systems***
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National Council for Prescription Drug Programs (NCPDP) SCRIPT Messaging Standards
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used for retail pharmacy transactions ***standard for exchanging prescription info*** HIPPA requires use in retail pharmacies
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The institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 1073 (IEEE1073) Messaging Standard
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standard that provides communication among medical devices at pt's bedside (device-device connectivity)
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Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC) Clinical Vocabulary
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contains laboratory results names, Interventions/procedures (Part A): Lab test order names
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Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SNOMED CT) Clinical Vocabulary
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contains lab results contents, interventions/procedures (Part B): nonlaboratory, diagnosis/problem list. anatomy
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Verbal Communication
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use of the language or the actual words spoken, key components are sound, words, speaking and language.
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Nonverbal Communication
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is the use of eye contact, body lang, facial expressions, or symbolic expressions to communicate a message
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Respect
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essential part in the process of communication w/ coworkers, pt's & visitors. Following steps to create a comfortable environment: *refrain from making jokes or negative remarks that demean the abilities, skills or aspects of coworkers *be patient & respectful when speaking w/ a caller that does not speak English clearly
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What clinical information must be included in the patients chart?
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-Vital Signs: measurement of the pt's temp, respirations, pulse and blood pressure -Chief Complaint: A verbal account made by the pt's describing their problem -Progress Notes: Documentation of the care delivered to a pt along w/ necessary info regarding their diagnosis and treatment -Past Medical History: Info regarding the pt's past medical problems, conditions or surgeries -Family History: Info regarding the medical problems of pt's family -Social History: Info regarding the pt lifestyle such as smoking, drinking, habits, relationship status, & sexual history -Allergies- List of the pt's allergies as well as their reactions to each one -Medication List: Info regarding the dosage & freq of the pt's meds -HPI (History of Present Illness): compilation of info regarding all aspects of pt's present illness -ROS (Review of Systems): inventory of body systems in which the pt reports signs or symptoms he or she is currently having or has had in the past -Diagnosis & Assessment: dr's conclusion regarding the cause of the pt's problem -Plan & Treatment: dr's recommended plan of action to cure or manage the pt's condition
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Patient Flow
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1) Appt scheduling, info collection 2) Pt check in, payment collection 3) Rooming, measurement Vital Signs, Pt Exam, and documentation 4) Pt checkout 5) Coding & Billing, reviewing test results
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Clinical Tools
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EHR's allow dr's the ability to access research, detail natioanl treatment and makes pt's w/ chronic diseases easier to manage. EHR's also allow dr's to: *Order test *Order Meds *Send scripts directly to pharmacy. It also has features that check for medication contraindications and errors
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EHR'S and Billing and Coding
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Most EHR's have features that automate the coding process, though each EHR these features may vary, these codes are checked for accuracy by a coding specialist. COMPUTER ASSISTED CODING works in a variety of ways, some may assign codes based on keywords, other analyze words/phrases and sentences. The integration of automated coding w/ the billing system facilitates claims processing
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Must every service submitted for payment be documented in the pt's medical record?
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YES, in order to be reimbursed, providers must document each service provided to the pt
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Decision Support Tools
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make the latest clinical info available at the point of care some of the most common features inc: access to clinical info while making a diagnosis, ID'ing pt's @ risk for a specific disease and adherence to guidelines if pt monitoring is necessary. Clinical Tools will also do the following: *Screen for illness and disease *Identify at risk pt's *Aid w/ disease management
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What are clinical guidelines?
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descriptions of recommended pt care for a given condition based on the best available scientific evidence. Guidelines are based on evidence and are developed by experts in the field.
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Medication Errors
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errors in prescribing medicine harm almost one million americans per yr. These errors range from prescribing a drug that interacts w/ drugs that the pt is already taking to dispensing the wrong med due to poor handwritting
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E-Prescribing
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the ability to e-prescribe is a feature of most EHR programs. One of the main advantages is it's ability to quickly perform safety checks, EHR programs will send alerts for potential prescription problems.
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EHR in the Hospital
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EHR in a hosp is extremely important to pt care. EHR compiles data from multiple clinical systems and provides a single source of info about that particular pt. EHR will also capture and store info about the pt care. It will assist in managing transactions such as: medicine prescribed, test ordered/results, and ultimately improving the quality of pt care.
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Are hospital information systems complex?
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Yes
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What are factors that affect the care the patient receives in a hospital?
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-financial aspect of a pt's stay -lab test ordered -pharmacy info -picture archiving -radiology info -clinical info (all contribute to a pt's overall care in a hospital)
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What are the primary benefits of a Hospital EHR?
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-Unlimited access to pt's ino -Decreased waiting time for medication delivery as well as test results -Increased efficiency and accuracy in overall pt care
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Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE)
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an application used by dr's and other healthcare providers to enter pt care info EHR's w/ the CPOE feature also provides support tools that result in improved care and pt outcomes
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Electronic Medication Administration Records (eMars)
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work w/ the CPOE system to increase pt safety by electronically tracking medication administration.
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The 5 rights to medication administration (eMars)
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1) the right pt 2) the right medication 3) the right dose 4) the right time 5) the right route (oral or intravenous)
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Order Sets
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pre-defined groupings of standard orders for a condition, disease or procedure. These order sets make it easier to deliver quality care by eliminating errors and providing easy access to clinical content.
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Adverse Drug Event (ADE)
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side effects or complications from medications
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Medication reconciliation
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the process of obtaining and updating an accurate list of all a pt's meds, is vital to the care of pt's
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Personal Health Record (PHR)
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the compilation of the various componets of a pt's lifelong medical history into an electronic format, may incl personal history, allergies, past immunizations, previous surgeries and much more. While the pt is usually responsible for the creation and maintenance of their personal record, they have the option to share the info w/ their provider. Educate pt's as well as those involved in their healthcare. Make it easier to monitor their health, record observations, and follow plan recommendations
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Does the PHR replace the legal records of any of the patients providers?
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NO
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Benefits of the Personal Health Record
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PHR is proof that the medical system is evolving to fit the needs of the fast-paced, constantly changing lifestyle that many of us are accustomed to. As consumer begin to make use of this resource, bulky, time consuming forms will be a thing of the past.
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What are a few of the "perks" of the PHR?
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-elimination of errors made by pt filling out forms that request info the pt might not have access to -allows pt w/ health concerns to travel w/ less worry since their records can be accessed from any location -ensures the safety of health record located in healthcare facilities in the event of a natural disaster
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Computer-based, stand alone PHR
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Ind gain access their PHR using a software program that has been downloaded or installed onto their computer. Info from this type of health record is transferred to a portable memory device in order for it to be accessed from a diff location
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Internet based, tethered PHR
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Ind are granted access to this PHR through an outside organization, such as ins co or pt's dr. Unlike other versions of PHR, users of an internet based PHR may have limited editing capabilities. Ownership of this version of the PHR is maintained by the organization that provides access to the user. Not a true PHR. May include Patient Portals
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Internet based, untethered PHR
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Ind are granted access to their PHR through a web based app. Upon the creation of a username and password, the user is able to create and update info as needed
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Internet based, networked and interoperable
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a networked PHR allows the transfer of info of the pt's dr and of other health care org such as ins co and pharmacies. A networked PHR is continually updated. One big disadvantage of this PHR is that it does not ensure complete privacy and security.
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HIPPA
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2 parts: Title I- health ins reform; Title II- provides rights for the transfer of electronic health care data. Administration and Simplification Standards (Title II) put privacy and security mechanisms in place to ensure personal health info is kept confidential
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Do HIPPA regulations apply to everyone?
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no, only those who provide health care in the normal course of business and electronically transmit info. (COVERED ENTITIES, CE-health plans, providers and clearinghouses are covered entities.
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Health Plan
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ins plan that provides or pays for medical care
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Providers
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people or organizations that furnish, bill, or are paid for health care in the normal course business
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Clearinghouse
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companies that process health information and execute electronic transactions
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Designated Record Set (DRS)
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any item, collection, or grouping of info that includes PHI and is maintained by a CE
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Electronic Protected Health Information (ePHI)
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PHI that is created, received, maintained or transmitted in electronic form
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Notice of Privacy Practices (NPP)
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document that describes practices regarding the use and disclosure of PHI
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Protected Health Information (PHI)
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individually identifiable health info that is transmitted or maintained by electronic media or in any other form or medium
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Treatment, Payment and Operations (TPO)
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conditions under which PHI info can be released w/o consent from the pt
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What is considered PHI?
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-name -address -names of relatives/employers -SS# -phone/fax # -email address -health plan ID# -Account # -fingerprints -website address -medical record # -Serial # of vehicles -Photo's
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Does the release of any info require authorization?
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Yes, except TPO purposes
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General Authorization
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typically required for uses other than TPO
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Specific Authorization
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required for info about HIV, STD's and drug and alcohol abuse
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Rights of Individuals
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Notice of Privacy Practices describes the CE practices regarding the use and disclosure PHI. The CE must document when the pt receives such notice. Ind also have right to access and inspect a copy of their PHI, request an amendment of record, request restrictions on uses and disclosures of PHI and file a compliant about a violation w/ the Office of Civil Rights
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Clinical Templates
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progress notes made w/in the EHR
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Clinical Vocabularies
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A standardized system of medical terminology
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Current Procedural Terminology (CPT)
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system of classification for services and procedures used in the outpatient setting
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Digital Imaging and Communication in Medicine (DICOM)
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standardized system used to transfer info between imaging systems
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Health Information Technology (HIT)
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use of technology as a resource to manage pt health care info
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Health Level Seven (HL7)
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messaging standard used to transfer data between applications
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Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System (HCPCS)
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system of classification for certain services and procedures not listed in CPT manual
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International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9-CM)
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standardized categorization of diseases
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Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineer 1073 (IEEE1073)
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standardized system used to provide communication between medical devices
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Logical Observation Identifiers Names and Codes (LOINC)
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clinical vocabulary including terms used in the electronic exchange of lab results and clinical observations
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National Council for Prescription Drug Program (NCPDP)
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standardized system used to transfer prescription info
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Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine Clinical Terms (SMOMED-CT)
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clinical vocabulary including medical, procedural and diagnostic terms
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Unified Medical Language System (UMLS)
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electronic resource containing various medical terms
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How is medical terminology broken down?
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Into word roots, prefixes,, suffixes and combining vowels and forms. Word roots, or base words, are the foundation of the healthcare term. A SUFFIX is a word ending, a PREFIX is a word beginning and a combining vowel (usually an o) links the root to the suffix or to another root. the combining form is word root plus the appropriate combining vowel
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Combining Forms and their Meanings
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...
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Arthr/o
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Joint
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bi/o
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life
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cardi/o
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heart
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carcin/o
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cancerous, cancer
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Cephal/o
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head
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Cerebr/o
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cerebrum (largest part of the brain)
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Cyt/o
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cell
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dent/i
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teeth
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derm/o
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skin
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Electro/o
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electrical activity
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Enter/o
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intestines
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Fet/o
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Fetus
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Gastr/o
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stomach
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Rhin/o
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nose
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Sarc/o
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flesh
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Thromb/o
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clotting
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Ur/o
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urinary tract
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Some suffixes of their Meanings
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...
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-al
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pertaining to
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-algia
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pain
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-dynia
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pain
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-ectomy
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excision, removal
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-emia
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blood condition
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-genic
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produced by, pertaining to producing
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-globin
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protein
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-itis
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inflammation
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-oma
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tumor, mass swelling
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-osis
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condition, usually abnormal
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-pathy
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disease condition
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-sis
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state of, condition
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Some Prefixes and their meanings
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...
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Ante-
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before, in front of
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Anti-
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against
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Brady-
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slow
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Dia-
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through, complete
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End, endo
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within
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Epi-
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above, upon
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Hyper-
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excessive, above more than normal
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Hypo-
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deficient, below, under less than normal
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Peri-
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surrounding, around
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Pre-
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before
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Sub-
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under, below
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Suffixes used to describe therapeutic interventions
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...
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-ectomy
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excision
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-graphy
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process of recording
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-metry
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process of measurement
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-scopy
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a visual examination
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-stomy
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a new opening
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-tomy
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incision
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-tripsy
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process of crushing
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Body Structure and Directional Terminology
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...
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Musculoskeletal
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Function: support, movement protection Organs: Muscles, bones, joints, bone marrow
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Integumentary
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Function: protection Organs: skin, hair, nails
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Gastrointestinal
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Function: nutrition Organs: stomach, intestines
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Urinary
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Functions: elimination of nitrogenous waste Organs: kidneys, bladder, ureters, urthra
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Reproductive
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F: reproduction O: ovaries, testes
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Blood/Lymphatic
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F: transportation O: blood cells
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Immune
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F: protection
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Cardiovascular
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F: transportation O: lymph glands, heart, vessels
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Respiratory
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F: delivers oxygen to cells O: lungs, bronchi, trachea
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Nervous/Behavioral
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F: receive/process information O: brain, nerves, mind
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Endocrine
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F: effects changes through chemical messengers O: pancreas, thyroid
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Transitional and Directional Terms
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...
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Anterior (ventral)
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front surface of the body
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Posterior (dorsal)
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back side of the body
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Deep
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away from the surface
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Proximal
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near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
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Distal
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far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure
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Inferior
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below another structure
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Superior
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above another structure
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Medial
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pertaining to the middle of nearer the medial plane of the body
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Lateral
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pertaining to the side
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Supine
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lying on the back
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Prone
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lying on the belly
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No ROM
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most synarthroses are immovable joints held together by fibrous tissue
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Limited ROM
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amphiathroses are joints joined together by cartilage that is slightly moveable, such as the vertebrae of the spine of the pubic bone
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Full ROM
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diathroses are joints that have free movement. Ball and socket joint (hip) and hinge joints (knees) are common diathroses joints (synovial joints)
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Synovial Joints
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free moving joints are surrounded by joint capsules, many of the synovial joints have BURSAE-sacs of fluid that are located between the bones of the joint and the tendons that hold the muscles in place
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Extension
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to increase the angle of the joint
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Flexion
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to decrease the angle of the joint
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Abduction
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movement away from the midline
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Adduction
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movement towards the midline
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Supination
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turning the palm or foot upward
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Pronation
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turning the palm or foot downward
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Dorsiflexion
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raising the foot, pulling the toes toward the shin
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Plantar flexion
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lowering the foot, pointing the toes away from the shin
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Eversion
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turning outward
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Inversion
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turning inward
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Protraction
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moving a part of the body forward
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Retraction
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moving a part of the body backward
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Rotation
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revolving a bone around its axis
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Fractures
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broken bone, most occur as a result of trauma, however some diseases like cancer or osteoporosis can also cause spontaneous fractures. Fractures can be classified as simple or compound. Simple fractures do not rupture the skin, as compound fractures split open the skin allowing for an infection to occur
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Communicated Fracture
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the bone is crushed and or shattered
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Compression Fracture
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the fractured are of bone collapses on itself
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Colles Fracture
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the break of the distal end of the radius at the epiphysis often occurs when the pt has attempted to break his/her fall
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Complicated Fracture
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the bone is broken and pierces an internal organ
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Impacted Fracture
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the bone is broken and the ends are driven into each other
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Hairline Fracture
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a minor fracture appeas as a thin line on x-ray and may not extend completely through the bone
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Greenstick Fracture
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bone is partially bent and partially broken; this is a common fracture in children b/c their bones are still soft
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Pathologic Fracture
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any fracture occurring spontaneously as a result of disease
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Salter-Harris Fracture
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a fracture of the epiphyseal plate in children
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Sprain
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a traumatic injury to a joint involving the soft tissue, the soft tissue includes the muscles, ligaments, and tendons.
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Strain
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a lesser injury, usually the result of overuse or overstretching
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Dislocaton
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when a bone is completely out of place
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Subluxation
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bone is partially out of joint
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Integumentary Vocabulary
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...
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Albino
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deficient in pigment (melanin)
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Collagen
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structural protein found in the skin and connective tissue
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Melanin
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major skin pigment
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Lipocyte
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a fat cell
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Macule
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discolored, flat lesion (freckles, tattoo marks)
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Polyp
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benign growth extending from the surface of the mucous membrane
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Fissure-
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groove or crack like sore
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Nodule
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solid, round or oval elevated lesion more than 1 cm in diameter
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Ulcer
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open sore on the skin or mucous membrane
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Vesicle
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small collection fo clear fluid; blister
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Wheal
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smooth, slightly elevated, edematous (swollen) area that is redder or paler than the surrounding skin
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Alopecia
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absence of hair from areas where it normally grows
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Gangrene
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death of tissue associated w/ loss of blood supply
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Impetigo
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bacterial inflammatory disease characterized by lesion, pustules, and vesicles
