Cancer Patho – Flashcards
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CAUTION Change in bowel or bladder habits A sore that doesnt heal Unusual bleeding or discharge Thickening or lump in breast or elsewhere Indigestion or difficulty swallowing Obvious change in wart or mole Nagging cough or hoarseness
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Cancer's 7 warning signs
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Most common cancer in children More than 1/3 of childhood cancers
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Leukemia
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Second most common cancer in children (tumors of the nervous system)
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Brain Cancer
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is a tumor of the sympathetic nervous system Embryonic Tumor
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Neuroblastoma
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is a tumor of the kidney named after Max Wilms Embryonci Tumor
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Wilms Tumor (Nephroblastoma)
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is a soft tissue sarcoma of striated muscle
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Rhabdomyosarcoma
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What are the two major bone tumors that occur in children
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Osteosarcoma and Ewing Sarcoma
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What are the most common childhood cancers?
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Leukemias, Sarcomas, Embryonic Tumors
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Most Childhood cancers originater frome the _____________ Which develops into the connective tissue, bone, cartilage, muscle, blood, blood vessels, gonads, kidney, and lymphatic system.
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Mesodermal Germ Layer
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Malignant embryonic tumor of the eye, occurs as and inherited defect or as an aquired mutation. A young child has loss of the red light reflex. What is the diagnosis?
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Retinoblastoma
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Childhood cancers who's peak incidence before the child is 5 years of age.
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Retinoblastoma, Wilms tumor, Neuroblastoma, and Leukemia
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Childhood cancers who are most likely to occur during 15 - 19 years of age.
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Bone tumors, soft tissue sarcomas, and lymphomas
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What race and gender of children is cancer more common in?
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White , boys
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Children with ____________ have an increased susceptibility to acute Leukemia
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Down Syndrome
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are two autosomal recessive conditions that are a risk factor for the development of acute lymphocytic leukemia
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fanconi anemia and bloom syndrome
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An autosomal dominant disorder involving the TP53 tumor suppresson gene. Risk for soft tissue sarcoma, breast cancer leukemia, osteosarcoma melanoma, and colon cancer, pancreas, adrenal cortex, and brain
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Li fraumeni syndrome LFS
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A- asymmerty (one that is not regularly round or oval) B- border irregularity (ragged edges) C- Color variation D- diameter >6mm (size of eraser on pencil) E- elevation
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ABCDE's of Melanoma
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Used to: Screen high risk people for cancer, Aid in the diagnosis of Cancer, Evaluate the course of therapy Can be produced by cancerous and noncancerous cells. PSA, AFP, CEA, Epinephrine
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Tumor Biological Markers
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Tumor Biological Marker In males we would do a physical and Blood work Prostate Cancer 0-4 ng/ml May be elevated with prostate cancer, prostatitis, benign prostatic hypertrophy (B.P.H) or SEX, SMOKING
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P.S.A.
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Tumor Biological Marker May be elevated in liver cancer, hepatitis, cirrhosis, germ cell cancers (testicular/ovarian) It is produced by the liver of a fetus, after birth there should be none.
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Alpha- feroprotein
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Tumor Biological Marker Carcinoembryotic Antigen May be elevated with breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, colon-rectal, lung, ovarian cancer, thyroid cancer.
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C.E.A
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Tumor Biological Marker May be elevated with neuroblastoma, adrenal cancer, benign adrenal cancer: pheochromocytoma (A hormone-secreting tumor that can occur in the adrenal glands)
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Epinephrine
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A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue.
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Tumor
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Slow Growth Encapsulated Not Invasive (does not travel) Differentiated Low Mitoic Index Division No Metastasis
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Benign Tumor
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Rapid Growth NO Capsule Invasive (Travels) Poorly Differentiated (has no specialized function) High Mitotic Index (mitosis) Division Metastasises (Travels) Cancer cells do not respond to social contro genes.
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Malignant Tumor (Cancer)
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Who do we see more cancer in?
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Adults (disease of the aged)
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An overgrowth of new tissue which serves no useful purpose in the body. May or may not be cancer
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Neoplasm
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The top 2 cancers in Texas
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Prostate and Breast
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Overgrowth of fatty tissue Is a neoplasm that is not and will not become cancer. Will not kill!!
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Lipoma
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A social control gene which acts as a tumor supressor gene. If mutated gene is associated with Colon/Rectal cancer A mutated Tumor supressor gene may be passed down from mom, dad or both. (inherit) It may be mutated via exposure to mutliple carcinogens. The mutations are aquired during a persons lifetime and are present only in tumor cells Develop Polyps ( may or may not be cancer)
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APC Adenomatous polyposis coli
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Genes that regulate cell growth, division, and cell death.
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social control genes
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What is the exact cause of most cancers?
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Unknown
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Viruses- HPV (cervical), H-Pylori (in stomach),Hep B (Liver) Chemicals- smokin, fumes, GMOs in food Radiation- Xray, Sun, tanning beds, power lines Carcinogen and promoters
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Enviromental Agents we know may cause cancer
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Second most comonly known oncogenic virus Second most comonly know carcinogen in the world
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Hep B
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#1 Carcinogen in the world
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Tobacco Smoke
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accelerate the growth of cancer. Prostate cancer in a male- will remove testicle so cancer will stop growing under the influence of testosterone
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hormones
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Inherited a mutated tumor supressor gene Braca1 (breast), APC (colon/rectal), Rb(retnoblastoma eye) screen for it at birth due to more common in children Tc cells- identify somthing foreign and destroy it Humoral Cells- B Cells- Igb NK cells- speciallized to destroy cancer cell
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Genetics cause cancer
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Autoimmune disease Drugs- Cortisol (long term use, eg. arthritis) Malnutrition- Chronic Longterm stress- increase cortisol Age- declines with age (elderly)
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Declined immune system cause of cancer
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Excercise High protein diet Positiveness
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Inhanced Immune system fight cancer
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Pancreatic Cancer mortality
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91% 9/10 will die
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Lung Cancer mortality
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75% 3/4 will die
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Ovarian Cancer Mortality
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72% 7/10 will die
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Colon/Rectal Cancer Mortality
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33% 3/10 will die
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Breast Cancer Mortality
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22% 2/10 will die
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Prostate Cancer Mortality
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15% 1/2 /10 will die
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Testicular Cancer Mortality
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5% .5/10 will die
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A SMILE A- angiogenesis S- self sufficient in growth signal in autocrine stimulation M-metastasis (true invation) I-insensitivity to antigrowth signals (are inactivated) L-limitless replicative potential E-evading apoptosis
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6 Hallmark mutation of cancer
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process of forming new blood vessels (how cancer increases its blood supply)
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Angiogenesis
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Vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF Transforming Growth Factor alpha TGF alpha Muscles produce these factors when they are placed under pressure. For muscles to grow we need these factors. Cancer Cells Produces these growth factors so they can get glucose, O2, blood to grow. Drugs that block this will shrink the cancer and muscles as well.
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Angiogenic factors
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The Cancer cell is altered at the genetic level Genetically Altered Cell What alters is? We dont know
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The begingin of 90% of cancers
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an increase in cell numbers Is normal for organ growth Unormal for cancer cells
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Hyperplasia
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Cells which change in size and shape related to a hostile enviroment. Dysplastic cells in the esophagus *Barrett's Esophagus* Cervix (frequent bubble bathing, using foreign material, frequent sex with multiple partners) Lungs
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Dysplasia
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May go away, become cancer, or dont change
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dysplastic cell
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tumor is contained within its tissue of origin
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In Situ Cancer
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cancer spread beyond layer of tissue in which it developed, enter and destroy surroundings
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Invasive Cancer
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Carcinoma- Skin (most common cancer) SPF15 Adenocarcinoma- breast duckts Sarcoma- (rhabdomyosarcom) Skeletal muscle Lymphoma- Lymph nodes Leukemia- Blood Liposarcoma- Fatty tissue Osteogenic Sarcoma- Bone
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Nonmenclature
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a cancer arising in the epithelial tissue of the skin or of the lining of the internal organs
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Carcinoma
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are chemically reactive molecules containing oxygen Oxygen component Example- Elastase used to destroy anything foreign, like bacteria. When chronic inflamation happens with no bacteria Elastase can mutate a cell causing cancer. Cyclooxygenase-----> increase incidence of colon cancer. Pathiological Prostaglandins that cause pain. Aspiring blocks these.
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Reactive oxygen species
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Reduce chronic inflamation getting rid of large amounts of elastase and cyclooxygenase2
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Aspirin
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They look differnt from each other in size and shape!! Pertaining to a variety
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Pleomorphic
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Specialized structure on a cell that divides Skin, stem, sperm, egg cells
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Telomere
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Enzyme that protects telomere from being destroyed. Keeps telomere intact.
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Telemorase
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A GLYCOPROTEIN an antigen present only on tumor cells. Helps our body recognize Cancer and attack it. However, cancer cells modify TSA to look like HLA's Cancer Cell escapes immune detection by changing antigenic makeup to look like HLA's!!
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Tumor Specific Antigens
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Promote recognition of self Used during transplants to match patients to organs if not a match patient will reject and attack.
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Human leukocyte antigens
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a mean of comunication between two cells that promotes contact inhibition. When two cells come in contact with each other they stop growing. This is why cancer forms a lump, they grow on top of each other
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Gap Junction
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In Cancer Loss or modified of this GLYCOPROTEIN
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TSA
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In Cancer this is lost This keeps our tissue cells in place. Liver cell in liver ex. Prevents our cells from moving
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Fibronectin and Anchoring Junctions
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Secretion of plasminogen activating factor PAF which BREAKS DOWN PROTEIN This is why cancer patients are fatigued!! They dont have the protein
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PAF
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Cancer cells can secrete cortisol The more foreign substance is the more highly immune system will be activated, size, and number. Initialy cancer cells are small and not too many of them, by the time immune system detects them, we have a lot of them. Cancer cells change their genetic makeup from TSA to HLA
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Ways cancer cells escape immune detection
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Benign tumor that kills Benign tumor of the adrenal gland which produces high levels of catecholamines and increases our blood pressure. It can cause us to have a hemoragic stroke.
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pheochromocytoma
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Oncogenic Viral Theory of Cancer The two most comonly linked viral cancers.
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Cervix and hepatocellular (liver)
