Cancer biology Vocab Practice – Flashcards
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-Genes that produce abnormally active cell growth proteins
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Oncogenes are: -Proteins that can stop the cell cycle -Are made and degraded at specific points in the cell cycle -Genes that produce abnormally active cell growth proteins -Normal growth-promoting genes -Phosphorylate proteins important to the cell cycle
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-Normal growth-promoting genes
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Proto-oncogenes are: -Proteins that can stop the cell cycle -Are made and degraded at specific points in the cell cycle -Genes that produce abnormally active cell growth proteins -Normal growth-promoting genes -Phosphorylate proteins important to the cell cycle
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-Proteins that can stop the cell cycle
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Tumor suppressors are: -Proteins that can stop the cell cycle -Are made and degraded at specific points in the cell cycle -Genes that produce abnormally active cell growth proteins -Normal growth-promoting genes -Phosphorylate proteins important to the cell cycle
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-two non-functional copies of the retinoblastoma gene.
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Hereditary retinoblastoma is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer. Cells from retinal tumors in a child who has this disease possess -evidence of non-disjunction in all autosomes. -one non-functional copy of the retinoblastoma gene. -two non-functional copies of the retinoblastoma gene. -trisomy for the retinblastoma gene. -a dominant mutation in the retinoblastoma gene.
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-programmed cell death.
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Apoptosis is -rapid cell division. -caused by proto-oncogenes. -the change in shape of a cell when it becomes cancerous. -programmed cell death. -None of these
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-phosphorylation of cellular proteins.
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Protein kinases are enzymes that normally catalyze the -degradation of cellular proteins. -phosphorylation of cellular proteins. -formation of peptide bonds in proteins. -phosphorylation of ADP. -synthesis of kinins.
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-C and D only >dominant. >an oncogene.
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A proto-oncogene that gains function due to amplification, translocation to a more transcriptionally active area of the genome, or a mutation that causes either an increase in function or the suppression of down-regulation, is -a pseudo-oncogene. -recessive. -dominant. -an oncogene. -C and D only
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-B and C only >malignant. >invasive.
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Metastatic cancer is -terminally differentiated. -malignant. -invasive. -B and C only -A, B, and C
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-All of these >Rous sarcoma >AIDS >Feline leukemia >Mouse mammary tumors
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Retroviruses are responsible for which of the following conditions? -Rous sarcoma -AIDS -Feline leukemia -Mouse mammary tumors -All of these
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-the loss of responsiveness to growth stimulation in the cell with the mutant gene.
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Mutations in a normal growth-stimulating gene are most likely to have no effect or to cause -the loss of responsiveness to growth stimulation in the cell with the mutant gene. -the cell with the mutant gene to become cancerous. -excessive growth in the cells surrounding the one with the mutant gene. -a mutator effect in the cell with the mutant gene. -apoptosis of the cell with the mutant gene.
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-binding to and inactivating pRB.
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Small DNA tumor viruses such as SV40 and HPV have viral oncogenes that are not homologs of host cell genes. Some of these novel viral oncogenes make proteins that exert their tumorigenic effect by -binding to and inactivating pRB. -making Gag, Pol and Env proteins more active. -causing cellular proto-oncogenes to mutate into oncogenes. -causing apoptosis in target tissues. -inactivating the immune system.
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-Cyclins
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________ play a pivotal role in programmed cell death. -Cyclins -Telomeres -Proto-oncogenes -Oncogenes -Telomerases
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-somatic
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In sporadic (nonhereditary) cancers, mutations occur in ________ cells. -germ -somatic -undifferentiated -mammary -T
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-uncontrolled and abnormal cell division.
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Cancer is best defined as -immune dysfunction. -uncontrolled and abnormal cell division. -viral malignancy. -regulated differentiation of tissue. -cellular deregulation.
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-carcinogens.
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Agents that can induce cancer through mutagenesis are called -destabilizers. -cancerogens. -mutagens. -carcinogens. -None of these
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-reverse transcriptase.
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In retroviruses, the pol gene product is a(n) -DNA polymerase. -reverse transcriptase. -integrase. -RNA polymerase. -recombinase.
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-All of these >mutations associated with viral infection. >mutations associated with chemical mutagens. >mutations associated with radiation. >spontaneous mutations.
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Cancer may arise as a result of -mutations associated with viral infection. -mutations associated with chemical mutagens. -mutations associated with radiation. -spontaneous mutations. -All of these
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-cancer-causing retroviruses.
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v-onc genes are found in -vital cells. -viral cells. -cancer-causing retroviruses. -very rapidly growing cells. -bacteriophages.
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-All of these >mutated tumor suppressor genes. >active oncogenes. >chromosomal abnormalities. >activated telomerase.
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Malignant breast, colon, and lung cancers typically have -mutated tumor suppressor genes. -active oncogenes. -chromosomal abnormalities. -activated telomerase. -All of these
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-Most cancers are hereditary.
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Which of the following statements is not true? -Certain types of virus can cause cancer. -Melanomas are commonly caused by ionizing radiation. -Neoplasia is another term for cancerous cells. -About half the people with cancer have a mutation in a p53 gene. -Most cancers are hereditary.
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-A growth factor receptor
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Which of the following is not likely to be a tumor suppressor? -A growth factor receptor -A checkpoint protein -A DNA repair enzyme -An apoptosis-promoting factor -The negative regulator of a CDK
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-contact inhibition.
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Cell proliferation in culture is normally limited by -cytophagy. -quorum sensing. -contact inhibition. -competition. -nutrient limitation.
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-None of these
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In normal cells, p53 protein acts as -a signal transducer. -a tumor suppressor. -a proto-oncogene activator. -a GTPase inhibitor. -None of these
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-Ionizing radiation is emitted at low levels by many natural objects, including some rocks and gases.
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Choose the best answer: -Ionizing radiation is emitted at low levels by many natural objects, including some rocks and gases. -The products of tumor suppressor genes stimulate cell proliferation, while the products of proto-oncogenes inhibit cell proliferation. -The nucleic acid of retroviral provirus is composed of RNA. -both A and B are correct statements. -All of the above are correct statements.
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-Alkylating agents, UV light, and X rays are all carcinogens.
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Which of the following is(are) considered carcinogenic? -an alkylating agent -UV light -X rays -Alkylating agents, UV light, and X rays are all carcinogens.
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-tumor suppressor genes, proto-oncogenes, and mutator genes
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A mutation in which type of gene may result in the development of cancer? -tumor suppressor -proto-oncogenes -mutator -tumor suppressor genes, proto-oncogenes, and mutator genes
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-Inherited mutant tumor suppressors produce a dominant susceptibility to cancer, but the mutant alleles are actually recessive in the cancer.
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Choose the best answer: -Wild-type mutator genes produce substances that induce point mutations and chromosomal rearrangements. -Inherited mutant tumor suppressors produce a dominant susceptibility to cancer, but the mutant alleles are actually recessive in the cancer. -The only genes necessary for the retroviral lifecycle are gag and pol. -both A and B are correct statements. -All of the above are correct statements.
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-both A and B are correct statements. >Some carcinogens act on the genome directly, while others are converted to mutagenic substances by the cells's enzymes. >Terminally differentiated cells are noncancerous, normal cells.
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Choose the best answer: -Some carcinogens act on the genome directly, while others are converted to mutagenic substances by the cells's enzymes. -Terminally differentiated cells are noncancerous, normal cells. -The process of relaying a growth-stimulatory or growth-inhibitory signal in response to an extracellular factor binding at the cell surface is called intercellular signaling. -both A and B are correct statements. -All of the above are correct statements.
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-has lost control over the process of cell division.
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A neoplastic cell -has lost control over the process of cell division. -lacks one or more chromosomes. -is set on a pathway for self-destruction. -All of the listed responses are correct.
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-oncogene
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A type of gene whose action stimulates unregulated cell proliferation is a(n) -tumor suppressor. -oncogene. -mutator gene. -growth inhibitor.
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-A malignant tumor is cancerous.
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Which of the following is a true statement? -All tumors are cancerous. -A malignant tumor is cancerous. -A benign tumor is cancerous. -All of the above statements are true.
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-All of the listed responses are correct. >spontaneous mutations. >mutations induced by infection with a virus. >mutations induced by exposure to chemicals or radiation.
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Cancers may be caused by -spontaneous mutations. -mutations induced by infection with a virus. -mutations induced by exposure to chemicals or radiation. -All of the listed responses are correct.
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-the inability of DNA polymerase to replicate the very ends of the chromosomes occupied by the RNA primer, and the absence of telomerase in "normal" cells.
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Telomere shortening, which leads to replicative senescence in cells, is a result of -excessive endonuclease activity in the cell. -replication error. -the inability of DNA polymerase to replicate the very ends of the chromosomes occupied by the RNA primer, and the absence of telomerase in "normal" cells. -telomerase activity.
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-dominant
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In pedigrees showing the inheritance of retinoblastoma in families, the disease appears to be a ___ trait. -dominant -recessive -lethal -sex-linked
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-gag, pol, and env
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Three key genes of retroviruses are -LTR, pol, and src. -onc, pol, and gag. -gag, pol, and v-src. -gag, pol, and env
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-stimulate cell growth.
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Proto-oncogene products are generally proteins that normally -inhibit cell growth. -stimulate cell growth. -cause preprogrammed cell death. -prevent protein synthesis.
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-protein kinase
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The src family of oncogenes normally encode which type of protein? -platelet derived growth factor -protein kinase -tumor suppressor -DNA repair enzyme
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-reverse transcriptase.
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The enzyme carried by RNA viruses that synthesizes a DNA copy of the viral RNA genome is -DNA polymerase. -reverse transcriptase. -retroviral replicase. -RNA polymerase.
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-oncogenesis.
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The initiation of cancer in an organism is called -transformation. -metastasis. -oncogenesis. -malfeasance.
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-M to G1
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Which of the following is NOT a cell cycle checkpoint? -G1 to S -G2 to M -M -M to G1
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-All of these are classes of proto-oncogenes.
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Which of the following is NOT a class of proto-oncogene? -growth factors -cytoplasmic regulators -nuclear transcription factors -All of these are classes of proto-oncogenes.
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-Tumor suppressors are so named because when they are disabled, unregulated cell proliferation results
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What is the role of tumor suppressor genes in cancer? -Tumor suppressor proteins block expression of oncogenes. -Tumor suppressors are so named because when they are disabled, unregulated cell proliferation results. -Tumor suppressors cause chromosomal deletions. -Tumor suppressor proteins cause mutation of proto-oncogenes to oncogenes.
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-All of these diseases are caused by retroviruses.
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Which of the following diseases is caused by infection with a retrovirus? -Rous sarcoma -acquired immunodeficiency syndrome -feline leukemia -All of these diseases are caused by retroviruses.
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-papillomavirus
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Which of the following is a DNA virus that causes cancer in women? -herpes virus -adenovirus -papillomavirus -hepatitis B virus
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-recessively; dominantly
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Mutations in normally growth-inhibitory genes such as tumor suppressors express _____________, whereas mutations of proto-oncogenes leading to excessive cell growth express ____________. -recessively; codominantly -recessively; dominantly -codominantly; dominantly -dominantly; recessively
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-Roughly half of the people with cancer show a mutation in a TP53 gene.
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Which of the following statements is true? -The product of the TP53 gene is a protein kinase. -Mutations in the TP53 gene cause 50% of all cancers. -The TP53 gene is a mutator gene. -Roughly half of the people with cancer show a mutation in a TP53 gene.
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-pol-reverse transcriptase
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Which of the following is a correct match of a retroviral gene and the protein it encodes? -gag-envelope glycoprotein -pol-reverse transcriptase -env-viral particle protein -env-reverse transcriptase
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-viruses.
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A v-onc may be found in -viruses. -bacteria. -human cells. -A v-onc may be found in all of these.
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-an RNA virus or a retrovirus.
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The virus responsible for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a(n) -DNA tumor virus. -RNA virus. -retrovirus. -an RNA virus or a retrovirus.
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-induce tumor formation.
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When proto-oncogenes are mutated, they may -induce tumor formation. -become oncogenes. -function normally. -induce tumor formation and become oncogenes.
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-A-B-D-C
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Put the following steps of the retrovirus life cycle in proper order: A. The RNA genome is released from the viral particle. B. Reverse transcriptase makes a complementary DNA copy of the RNA genome. C. Proviral DNA integrates into the host chromosome D. Reverse transcriptase copies the DNA to produce double-stranded DNA. -A-B-C-D -A-B-D-C -A-C-D-B -A-D-B-C
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-The genetic basis for disease would be less well understood because genetics would be demphasized.
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Which of the following is NOT an advantage to utilizing genomic techniques in health sciences? -New drug, diagnostics, and prognostics would be developed as a result of the use of genomics. -The genetic basis for disease would be less well understood because genetics would be demphasized. -A personalized approach to healthcare would be possible based on an individual's genotype. -Both A and B are correct -All of the above are correct. -Both B and C are correct
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-All of the above. >Personalized genotype databases generated at birth could be used to assess a patient's health risks throughout life. >Improved medical treatments. >Suggest changes in lifestyle that would maximize a patient's longevity and quality of life.
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The progression of genomics research suggests several outcomes that will revolutionize the way healthcare is practiced. -Personalized genotype databases generated at birth could be used to assess a patient's health risks throughout life. -Improved medical treatments. -Suggest changes in lifestyle that would maximize a patient's longevity and quality of life. -All of the above. -None of the above.
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-Personalized databases raise a host of ethical, legal, and political issues to be resolve.
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Which of the following is the most limiting concept in the utilization of genomic information in the health care system. -Lack of understanding of genetic disease and methods to quickly, accurately, and cheaply assess disease genotypes. -Availability of public and private funds for research on genomic biology related to health care. -Personalized databases raise a host of ethical, legal, and political issues to be resolve. -Completion of the sequencing of the human genome. -All of the above are major limiting factors.
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-It will be too expensive and too time consuming to build such models for the limited information they will provide.
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We may reach the point where human cells can be fully simulated on a computer allowing biologists to perform previously time-consuming or impossible experiments with ease. Such "e-cells" could also be used to understand the role that individual cellular components play in disease. Which of the following is NOT a major factors that will keep this from becoming a reality? -Not all diseases have a cellular basis. Some are tissue, organ, or organismally related problems. -Interactions among different types of cells may not be easy to simulate using a computer. -The most important genes and interactions between them may not be recognized, and thus, computer simulations will be in error. -It will be too expensive and too time consuming to build such models for the limited information they will provide. -none of the above.
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-Both A and B are correct.
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Choose the correct response. -Genetic illnesses caused by mutations associated with SNPs can be diagnosed accurately by genotyping the polymorphism. -SNPs in non-coding regions can be useful as genetic markers in searches for disease genes. -Both A and B are correct. -Niether A nor B is correct.
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-Heteroduplex analysis
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________________ is a technique for identifying SNPs in tumor versus normal cells used in the Cancer Genome anatomy project to identify genes involved in various cancers. -SNP analysis -Heteroduplex analysis -DNA sequencing -Gel electrophoresis -cDNA cloning
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-Microarrays have been used to implicate mutations in cyclin dependent protein kinases in all types of tumors.
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Histology is often used to diagnose cancer on the basis of various morphological features; however, this is not always reliable. Many researchers have begun to use microarrays to analyze cancerous tissue on the basis of gene expression. Choose the example from the list below that is NOT an example of improved diagnosis resulting from pharmacogenomic techniques. -Microarrays were first applied to cancerous tissue to accurately distinguish acute myelogenous leukemia from acute lymphoblastic leukemia. -Microarrays have been used to provide prognoses of breast cancer patients that were more accurate than previously existing tools. -Microarrays can be used to predict metastasis in medulloblastoma, the leading cause of malignant brain tumors in children. -Microarrays have been used to implicate mutations in cyclin dependent protein kinases in all types of tumors. -all of the above are examples of improved diagnoses resulting from the use of pharmacogenomic techniques.
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-Both answers A and B are important factors in determining economic factors related to the use of drugs in the health care system. (The above suggests that nonpredictable adverse drug reactions cause many problems in the treatment of disease with pharmaceuticals.Drugs that are not predictively effective in some patients generate cost and death in the health care system.)
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Choose the best answer below after considering the following. Every year in the United States, adverse drug effects are estimated to affect roughly 2 million hospital patients. Approximately 100,000 of these patients will die as a direct result of the drugs they are taking. -The above suggests that nonpredictable adverse drug reactions cause many problems in the treatment of disease with pharmaceuticals. -Drugs that are not predictively effective in some patients generate cost and death in the health care system. -Both answers A and B are important factors in determining economic factors related to the use of drugs in the health care system. -Neither ansers A or B are important factors in determining economic factors related to the use of drugs in the health care system.
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-are often caused by the interaction of the environment, other drugs, and the genotype of the individual. This accounts for the variability of side effects.
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Drug side effects -are caused by genetic factors that cannot be controled so there is no value to identifying the genes that casue side effects. -are caused only by environmental factors -are caused only by interactions between drugs when patients are taking more than one medication. -are often caused by the interaction of the environment, other drugs, and the genotype of the individual. This accounts for the variability of side effects. -none of the above are correct
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-primaquine.
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The first pharmacogenomic investigations were undertaken in the 1950's. These studies involved identifying the genetic basis of adverse reactions to -malaria. -primaquine. -aspirin. -naproxen. -all of the above
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-Both A and B are corrrect (The effective level of the drug is lowered when CYP2D6 is functioning effectively since it metabolizes away the drug faster. Mutations in CYP2D6 can reduce the effectiveness of the protein in metabolizing drugs. This can increase the effective dose and produce adverse side effects.)
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CYP2D6 gene is a member of the cytochrome P450 family of proteins. This protein is known to be involved in the metabolism of 20% of presecription drugs. How does this gene reduce the effect drug effectiveness in patients? -The effective level of the drug is lowered when CYP2D6 is functioning effectively since it metabolizes away the drug faster. -Mutations in CYP2D6 can reduce the effectiveness of the protein in metabolizing drugs. This can increase the effective dose and produce adverse side effects. -Liver tissues can effectively metabolize drugs, therefore patients with deffective CYP2D6 have poor liver function. -Both A and B are corrrect -All of the above are correct
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-drug side effects
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The physiological processes that interfere with the intended effects of drugs fall into four broad categories. Which of the following is NOT one of these processes? -drug metabolism -drug disposition -drug transport -drug targets -drug side effects
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-All of the above are correct.
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Choose the correct statements concerning drug metabolism. -Sometimes metabolic enzymes are required to break down a drug or drug metabolite that is toxic to the body. -Sometimes a drug must be properly modified by an endogenous protein so that it can reach the drug target. -Enzymes can also have more continuous effects that lead to the persistence or overly rapid purging of a pharmaceutical agent. -Polymorphisms in drug metabolizing genes can produce different phenotypes in each of the above cases. -All of the above are correct.
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-Most of the polymorphisms related to drug effacacy affect drug transport.
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Drugs often have to be ferried to a target before they can have a beneficial effect. Which of the following is NOT correct statement about drug transport? -The blood-brain barrier isolates neurons from compounds that are present in blood. -At the cellular level, numerous transporters and channels regulate the entry of molecules across the plasma membrane. -Most of the polymorphisms related to drug effacacy affect drug transport. -Only a handful of polymorphisms affecting drug transport have been found. -none of the above are correct
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-Both A and B are correct >Polymorphisms in drug-target genes can affect the binding of the drug to the target. >Polymorphisms in drug-target genes can affect the type of response the drug elicits.
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The molecular target of a drug is the intended site of action for a drug. -Polymorphisms in drug-target genes can affect the binding of the drug to the target. -Polymorphisms in drug-target genes can affect the type of response the drug elicits. -Both A and B are correct -Niether A nor B is correct
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-Both A and B are correct. >Applying pharmacogenomic techniques, will make it possible to improve clinical trials for new drugs by shortening the time required. >Pharmacogenomic techniques will identify patients at risk for adverse effects in clinical trials.
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Choose the correct statement. -Applying pharmacogenomic techniques, will make it possible to improve clinical trials for new drugs by shortening the time required. -Pharmacogenomic techniques will identify patients at risk for adverse effects in clinical trials. -Both A and B are correct. -Neither A nor B is correct.
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-Both A and B are correct. >appearing inside the coding region of a gene give rise to monogenic diseases. >in the regulatory regions of genes may be involved in common diseases.
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Choose the correct response. -appearing inside the coding region of a gene give rise to monogenic diseases. -in the regulatory regions of genes may be involved in common diseases. -Both A and B are correct. -Niether A nor B is correct.
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-At present, there are millions of SNPs stored in public and private databases, but their exploitation is limited by our inability to quickly, accurately, and cheaply genotype SNPs in the population at large.
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Choose the correct response. -Given that greater than 95% of the human genome contains non-coding DNA, it should not be surprising that SNPs are most common in those regions, where they have no impact on phenotype. Thus, such SNPs are of no value. -At present, there are millions of SNPs stored in public and private databases, but their exploitation is limited by our inability to quickly, accurately, and cheaply genotype SNPs in the population at large. -Both A and B are correct. -Niether A nor B is correct.
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-Both A and B are correct. >Pharmacogenetics utilizes identifies drug-response phenotypes, and analyzes these cases through family studies that reveal their genetics. Researchers subsequently attempt to clone the responsible genes. >Pharmacogenomics takes advantage of the recently completed human genome sequence and efficient genotyping techniques to look for candidate genotypes that might be indicative of drug-response phenotypes.
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Choose the Correct Statement. -Pharmacogenetics utilizes identifies drug-response phenotypes, and analyzes these cases through family studies that reveal their genetics. Researchers subsequently attempt to clone the responsible genes. -Pharmacogenomics takes advantage of the recently completed human genome sequence and efficient genotyping techniques to look for candidate genotypes that might be indicative of drug-response phenotypes. -Both A and B are correct. -Neither A nor B are correct.
