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bubble economy

answer

A highly inflated economy that cannot be sustained. Bubble economies usually reesult from rapid influx of international capital into a developing country.

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centrifugal forces

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Cultural and political forces - such as liinguistic minorities, separatists, and fringe groups - that pull away from and weaken an existing nation-state.

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centripetal forces

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Cultural and political forces - such as shared sense of history, a centralized economic structure, and the need for military security - that promote unity in a nation-state.

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colonialism

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formal, established (mainly historical) rule over local peoples by a larger imperialist government for the expansion of political and economic empire.

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core-periphery model

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A conceptualization of the world into two economic spheres. The developed countries of western Europe, North America and Japan form the dominant core, with less developed countries making up the periphery. Implicit in the mode is that the core gained its wealth at the expense of peripheral countries.

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Cultural Nationalism

answer

A Process of protecting, either formally (with laws) or informally (with social values), the primary of a certain cultural system against influences (real or imagined) from another culture.

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Globalization

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The increasing interconnections of people and places throughout the world through converging processes of economic, political and cultural change.

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Human Development Index

answer

The the past three decades, the UN has tracked social development in the world's countries through the HDI, which combines data on life expectancy, literacy, educational attainment, gender equality, and income

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Lingua Franca

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Agreed upon common language to facilitate communication on specific topics succh as international business, politics, sports or entertainment.

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nation-state

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A relatively homogenous cultural group (a nation) with its own political territory (the state).

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Population pyramid

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The structure of a population, which includes the percentage of young and old, is presented graphically as a population pyramid. This graph plots the percentage of all different age groups along a vertical axis that divides the population into male and female.

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rate of natural increase

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The standard statistic used to express natural population growth per year for a country,

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total fertility rate (TFR)

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The average number of children who will be borne by women of a hypothetical, yet statistically valid, population, such as that of a specific cultural group or within a particular country. More reliable than crude birthrate.

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biome

answer

Ecologically inteactive flora and fauna adapted to a specific environment. ie deserts and tropical rainforests.

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bioregion

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A spatial unit or region of local plants and animals adapted to a specific environment, such as a tropical savannah.

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climate region

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A region of similar climatic conditions. An example is the marine west coast climate regions found on the west coasts of North America and Europe.

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climograph

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A graph of average annual temperature and precipitation data by month and season.

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desertification

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The spread of desert conditions into semiarid areas due to improper management of the land.

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global warming

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An increase in the temperature of the earth's atmosphere

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Green Revolution

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highly productive agricultural techniques developed since the 1960s that entail the use of new hybrid plant varieties combined with large applicants of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Generally applied to agricultural changes in developing countries, particularly India.

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Greenhouse Effect

answer

The natural process of lower atmospheric heating that results from the trapping of incoming and reradiated solar energy by water moisture, clouds and other atmospheric gases.

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apartheid

answer

The policy of racial separateness that directed the separate residential and work spaces for white, blacks, coloureds, and Indians in South Africa. Abolished in 1944.

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Berlin Conference

answer

1884. Divided African into European colonial territories. The boundaries satisfied European ambition but ignored indigenous cultural affiliations. Many civil rights conflict can be traced to this.

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clan

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Larger than a family, smaller than a tribe

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pastoralist

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nomadic shepherds

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Sahel

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Semi-arid land on the southern border of the Sahara desert

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Swidden

answer

Slash and burn farming practice. The process of burning and mixing ash into soil gets minerals and nitrients back into soil

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Globalization and Culture

answer

Global consumer culture reduces local diversity.
Creates tension between traditional and globalizing currents.
Non-material culture affected: language, movie phrases, social values.

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Geopolitics

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Essential part of globalization not restricted by territorial or natural boundaries.

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Social dimension of globalization

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Migration has dratically changed demographics of US and Europe.

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Supporters of Globalization

answer

-Enhances competition
-Believe poor countries will eventually catch up to advanced countries
-Argue that sweatshops promote indutry

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World Bank

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Primary finction is to make loans to poor countries to invest in infrastructure and economic foundations

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International Monetary Fund (IMF)

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Short term loans to those who are struggling

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World Trade Organization (WTO)

answer

Smaller organization, works to reduce trade barriers between countries

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Critics of Globalization

answer

-Benefits rich, not poor.
-Not natural
-In the US, wealthiest 10% reap benefits, poorest 10% have decline in income or jobs lost to outsourcing

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Middle ground on Globalization

answer

-Economic Globalization is unavoidable
-Critics use globalization to support their campaign against it!

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Consequences of Diversity

answer

The world is becoming blandly homogenous as different places, peoples and environments lose thier distinctive character and become indistinguishable from their neighbors.

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Harmattan

answer

Dry, dusty air that looks like fog, comes off the Sahara Desert and deposits dirt and dust far away.

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Population momentum

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If Chad's TFR changed from 6.0 to 2.1 suddenly, the population would continue to grow before it tapered off.

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Tropics

answer

between 23.5 degrees north and south; only place on earht where the sun will be directly over your head.

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Inter-Tropic Conversion Zone

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-Low pressure area along the equator
-Solar Radiation moves pressure north in the summer, south in the winter

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Culture

answer

learned and shared behavior by a group of people empowering them with a way of life

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Major powers in colonialism

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British, French, Portuguese and Belgians

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Changga

answer

Group of people who live on Kilimanjaro along the border of the Kilimanjaro National Park (about 6000 feet above sea level)

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Highest peak on Kilimanjaro

answer

Kibo

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Two smaller peaks on Kilimajaro

answer

Shira and Mawenzi

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Characteristics of high pressure

answer

-sunny skies
-pushes air down
-Holds more moisture, clouds disappear and then it warms up

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Characteristics of low pressure

answer

-cloudy, rainy
-cools down
-begins to rise

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Insolation

answer

Incoming solar radiation. Tropics get more of this than anywhere else

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How is globalization driving a fundamental reorganization of economics and cultures?

answer

-instantaneous global communication
-growth of transnational corporations
-spread of Western consumer habits

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Global geopolitical issues

answer

-terrorism at the top, triggered by local groups with limited agendas
-ethnic strife
-border disputes
-movements for regional autonomy and independence

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The four main population and settlement issues in developing regions of the world

answer

-rapid population growth
-family planning
-migration to new centers of economic activity
-rapid urbanization

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Major theme in cultural geography

answer

Tension between forces of global homogenization and the countercurrents of local and ethnic identity. Small groups are setting themselves apart and emphasizing their own culture.

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Effects of cultural tension on geopolitics

answer

-global terrorism
-ethnic stife
-territorial disputes
-border tensions due to cultural differences
-new military approach required

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Dominating theme of economic and social development

answer

The increasing disparity between rich and poor.

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What drives global environmental change?

answer

Human activities. Most are largely beneficial, like irrigation. But some are negative, like global warming from fossil fuel use.

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Positive aspects of globalization

answer

-Sharing of information
-Increased awareness of environmental issues
-Facilitates a new willingness of countries to work together to solve enironmental problems

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Critcis of globalization

answer

-economic globalization is responsible for increased environmental degradation

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Africa is called the _____________ continent because it is dominated by extensive uplifted plains.

answer

Plateau

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Fastest growing region in Africa

answer

Sub-Sahara. Also the pooret region, 3/4 of population lives on less thn $2 a day.

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Diversity of Sub-Saharan Africa

answer

Extremely diverse region, multi-ethnic and multi-religious societies are the norm.

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Formerly conflict ridden areas of Africa that currently coexist peacefully.

answer

Angola, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Democratic Republic of Congo

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Areas of Arica that have ongoing territorial disputes.

answer

Sudan, Congo and Somolia. These countries have produced millions of refugees.

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Sub-Saharan Africa's global economy.

answer

Weak. 12% of world population, but only about 2% of the world's eceonomic activity. Most tie comes from aid or loans, not trade. China is starting to invest in this area.

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Africa's most pressing issue

answer

Poverty.

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Culture hearth

answer

An area of historical cultural innovation

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Hajj

answer

An Islamic religious pilgrimage to Makkah. One of five essential pillars of the Muslim creed to be undertaken once in life, if an individual is physically and financially able to do it.

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hydropolitics

answer

The interplay of water resource issues and politics

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Islamic fundamentalism

answer

A movement within both the Shiite and Sunni Muslim traditions to return to a more conservative, religious-based society and state. Often associated with a rejection of Western culture and with a political aim to merge civic and religious authority.

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Maghreb

answer

A region in northwestern Africa that includes portions of Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia.

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Medina

answer

The original urban core of a traditional Islamic city.

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Pastoral nomadism

answer

A traditional subsistence agricultural system in which practitioners depend on the seasonal movements of livestock within marginal natural environments.

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Shiites

answer

Muslims who practice one of the two main branches of Islam. Shiites are especially dominant in IRan and nearby southern Iraq.

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Sunnis

answer

Muslims who practice the dominant branch of Islam.

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theocratic state
or theocracy

answer

A political state led by religious authorities.

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Dominant religions in SW Asia and N Africa

answer

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam

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SW Asia and N Africa global role

answer

Critical role in world history and in processes of globalization that bind the planet together ever more tightly

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Spatial diffusion

answer

The process by which a concept, practice or substance spreads from its point of origin to new territories

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Relocation diffusion

answer

A group starts in one area, part of it moves elsewhere. IE The Church moving to Utah, the Spanish to America

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Contagious expansion

answer

Distance-controlled spreading of an idea, innovation, or some other item thru direct contact

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Hierarchal expansion

answer

idea or innovation spreads by trickling down from larger to smaller areas

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Expansion diffusion

answer

Spreadking of an innovation or idea through a fix population in such a way that the number of those adopting grows continuously larger.

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Five Pillars of Islam

answer

Daily Prayer
Trip to Mecca
Statement of faith
Alms
Ramadam

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