Brain, Cranial Nerves, Spine, Special Senses - Flashcards

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How many major regions comprise the human brain?

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Four

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As you are reading these words on the screen, what part of your brain is allowing you to perform the complex, conscious intellectual task of reading and comprehension?

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Cerebrum

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which division of the diencephalon acts as an information filter for sensory information that is forwarded to the cerebrum?

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Thalamus

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The cerebellar peduncles link the cerebellum to the cerebrum. True/False

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False

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which of the following is NOT a role of astrocytes in the formation and function of the blood brain barrier. A)Induce tight junctions between capillary endothelial cells. (B) Production of carrier proteins and ion channels. (C)Allows all medications to enter the brain tissue. (D)Produces enzymes to destroy toxic substances

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C

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What type of neuroglial cell serves as the gatekeeper of the blood-brain barrier by controlling what will get in and what will not get into neurons?

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Astrocytes

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The primary motor cortex for control of voluntary muscles is found in the___.

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Precentral Gyrus of the Frontal Lobe

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A person who can understand a sentence, but would have trouble repeating it, may have a problem in ______.

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Broca's Area

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Which language area provides understanding of the spoken and written word?

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Wernicke's Area

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What structure is essential in storing memories and forming long-term memory?

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Hippocampus

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Releasing and inhibiting hormones, produced by the hypothalamus, are needed to control the____.

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Anterior Pituitary Gland

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What midbrain structure is a visual reflex center?

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superior colliculi of the tectal plate.

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Which structure is highlighted?

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Lateral Ventricles

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which structure is highlighted?

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Central Sulcus

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which structure is highlighted?

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Cerebellum

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which structure is highlighted?

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CN II (2)- Optic Nerve

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Which structure is highlighted?

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CN XII (12) - Hypoglossal Nerve

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which structure is highlighted?

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Falx Cerebelli

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Which structure is highlighted?

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Longitudinal Fissure

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which structure is highlighted?

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superior colliculus

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As you read these words, what part of your brain is interpreting the words that you read?

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Wernicke Area

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The area of the cerebrum that integrates information from the sensory, motor, and association areas to enable an individual to plan and execute appropriate responses is the prefrontal cortex. True/False

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True

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The area of the brain that processes visual, auditory, and touch stimuli and keeps us in a state of mental alertness is the ___.

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Reticular Activating System (RAS)

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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) enters the third ventricle of the brain by way of the ______.

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Interventricular Foramina

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The Cerebral Cortex is a region of the brain containing ______ matter.

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Gray

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Located in the diencephalon is the ____ ventricle.

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Third

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CSF helps control the chemical environment surrounding the brain. True/False

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True

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CSF leaves the subarachnoid space via the ___ and enters the bloodstream.

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Arachnoid Villi

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Microglial cells help form the blood brain barrier. True/False

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False

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Removal of the left cerebral hemisphere would prevent voluntary movement of the right side of the body. True/False

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True

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The most direct effect of severing the corpus callosum would be that.

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The cerebral hemispheres could not directly communicate.

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The primary motor cortex controls voluntary skeletal muscle activity, with neurons that project ipsilaterally. True/False

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False

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Sensory information from a painful stimulus on the skin will be received by the _____.

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Primary Somatosensory Cortex

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More cortical space is dedicated to areas of the body that are more sensitive. This best describes the ____.

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Primary Somatosensory Cortex

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Difficulty comprehending speech may indicate a problem with the _____

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Wernicke Area

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After reaching into her purse, a woman identifies an object based solely on its shape and texture. Which cortical region is highly involved with this action?

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Somatosensory Area

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Commissural Tracts link the cerebral cortex to lower brain regions and the spinal cord. True/False

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False

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In most individuals, the left hemisphere _______.

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usually the categorical hemisphere

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The cerebral nucleus involved with emotions and mood is the ___.

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Amygdaloid Body

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Damage to the Pineal gland would likely have the most impact on____.

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The Sleep-Wake Cycle

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The Thalamus

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Serves as an Information Filter

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Respiratory centers are located in the pons. True/False

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True

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A patient has acquired damage to the vasomotor center within the medulla oblongata. This patient will likely have difficulty with _____.

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Regulating Blood Pressure

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Large Projection tracts decussate (cross/form X) within the caudal region of the medulla oblongata. True/False

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True

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The cerebellum initiates voluntary muscle contraction, and movements are fine tuned by the primary motor cortex of the cerebrum. True/False

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False

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The limbic system is heavily involved with processing emotions, so it is also known as the emotional brain. True/False

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True

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The reticular formation is composed of well-organized nuclei embedded within the cerebral white matter. True/False

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False

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Damage to the RAS may result in unconsciousness. True/False

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True

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The cerebral association areas are responsible for cognition. True/False

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True

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Damage to the ____ will likely result in a personality change or disorder.

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Frontal Association Area

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A Brain Lesion in the primary somatosensory cortex will likely result in the

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Loss of awareness on the opposite side of the body

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Part of the limbic system is responsible for the formation of new memories. True/False

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True

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Where will the memory of a motor skill likely be stored?

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Premotor Cortex

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Where will the memory of a favorite painting likely be stored?

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Visual Association Area

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A patient was found to have damage to his amygdala, and is therefore more likely to exhibit exaggerated emotions. True/False

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True

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Paralyzed Facial muscles may indicate damage to the ___ nerve.

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Facial (CN - VII)(7)

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Spinal Nerves - The dorsal root is ____.

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Sensory

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Which portion of a reflex arc is most likely to be located entirely within the central nervous system (CNS)?

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Interneuron

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The spinal cord extends from the level of the _____ to the level of the ____.

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Foramen Magnum, First Lumbar Vertebrae

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The ___ enlargement of the spinal cord is the location where nerves that supply the upper limbs enter and leave the spinal cord, and the ___ enlargement is the location where nerves that supply the lower limbs enter and leave the spinal cord.

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Cervical, Lumbosacral

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The area of the skin that is supplied with sensory innervation by a pair of spinal nerves is called a ___.

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Dermatome

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There are __ pairs of spinal nerves that exit the vertebral column.

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31

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The spinal cord is partitioned into an inner ___ matter region, and an outer ___ matter region.

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Gray, White

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a spinal nerves splits into __ branches.

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Two

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Intercostal Nerves are the anterior rami of which spinal nerves?

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T1-T11

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Which nerve of the sacral plexus is the largest and longest nerve in the body?

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Sciatic Nerve

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Why does the vertebral canal extend beyond the spinal cord, encompassing the cauda equina?

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The vertebral column outgrows the spinal cord during development.

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Which meninx is the deepest in its location?

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Pia Mater

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The space containing cerebrospinal fluid is the ___ space.

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Subarachnoid

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A command from the brain to signal muscle contraction would pass through a _____.

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Descending Pathway

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Which neuron in a sensory pathway is part of the sensory receptor?

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Primary

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Severing the posterior ramus of a spinal nerve may result in ______.

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losing feeling from the skin of the back

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Stepping on a piece of glass with the left foot will result in the extension of the right leg to help maintain balance. This is an example of a(n) ___ reflex.

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Contralateral

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Touching a hot object with the right hand will result in the withdrawal of the right hand from the object. This is an example of a(n) ____ reflex.

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ipsilateral

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Tapping the triceps brachii muscle tendon will result in a reflexive elbow extension. This is an example of a(n) __ reflex.

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Stretch

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How many neurons are in the somesthetic pathway from the skin to the post central gyrus?

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Three

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Damage to the ventral root of a spinal nerve would mean that the sensory input of the reflex arc would be interrupted. True/False

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False

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All reflexes share the property of being an involuntary response. True/False

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True

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There are 31 pairs of mixed nerves that emerge from the spinal cord. True/False

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True

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White matter in the spinal cord is found surrounding the gray matter, as well as within the lateral horns. True/False

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False

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a conduction pathway in the spinal cord consists of a single sensory neuron and a single motor neuron. True/False

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False

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Upper motor neurons may inhibit lower motor neurons. True/False

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True

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A spinal nerve is classified as motor or sensory, depending on the type of fiber it contains. True/False

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False

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A Nerve plexus is a network of interweaving posterior rami of spinal nerves. True/False

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False

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The lumbar plexus can be divided into anterior and posterior divisions. True/False

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True

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The anterior rami of two lumbar spinal nerves help form the sacral plexus. True/False

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True

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The reflex arc must involve interneurons for processing in the spinal cord. True/False

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False

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Structurally, olfactory neurons are unipolar neurons. True/False

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False

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Olfactory cilia are also called olfactory hairs. True/False

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True

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olfactory cilia contain axon terminals. True/False

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False

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olfactory dendrites contain olfactory receptors. True/False

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True

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Olfactory hairs have olfactory receptors. True/False

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True

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olfactory receptors bind to and actively take in odorants. True/False

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False

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olfactory receptors utilize G-protiens to open ion channels. True/False

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True

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Match Taste Sensation to chemical trigger. NA+

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Salty

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Match Taste Sensation to chemical trigger. Acidic compounds

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Sour

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Match Taste Sensation to chemical trigger. Sugars, some other carbs, some proteins.

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Sweet

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Match Taste Sensation to chemical trigger. Alkaloids/base compounds

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Bitter

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Match Taste Sensation to chemical trigger. Amino Acid glutamate and related compounds.

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Umami

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Match Taste Sensation to chemical trigger. Artificial sweetners

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Sweet

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Match Taste Sensation to chemical trigger. Beef

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Umami

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Accommodation is a result of parasympathetic stimulation from the optic nerve (I) . True/False

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False

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In accommodation, the lens becomes more spherical in shape. True/False

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True

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One reason accommodation becomes more difficult as an object is brought closer to the eye is because the lens cannot become any more flattened. True/False

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False

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When we look at a close-up object, the pupil diameter decreases. True/False

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True

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when the pupil in constricted, the light entering the eye tends to pass through the center of the lens rather than through the edges of the lens. True/False

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True

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The smaller the pupil diameter, the more light enters the eye and is directed toward the retina. True/False

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False

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Both pupils can pick up the light rays when the eyes are looking forward. True/False

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True

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Convergence states that eyes are rotated medially as an object moves closer. True/False

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True

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In convergence, rotation of the eyes is accomplished by the medial oblique muscles. True/False

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False

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An observer can see convergence by watching the medial rotation of the eyes of the subject when bringing an object towards the nose. True/False

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True

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Each visual field is divided into three parts: central, temporal, and nasal. True/False

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False

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Light from each part of a visual field projects to the same side of the retina except for the central part which projects to both. True/False

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False

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An optic nerve consists of axons extending from the retina to the optic chiasm. True/False

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True

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In the optic chiasm, axons from the nasal part of the retina cross while axons from the temporal part do not. True/False

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True

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An optic tract consists of axons that have passed through the optic chiasm with or without crossing to the thalamus. True/False

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True

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The right part of each visual field projects to the left side of the brain, and the left part of each visual field projects to the right side of the brain. True/False

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True

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What structure is attached to the oval window and transfers vibration of the tympanic membrane to the inner ear?

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Stapes

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Correct order in which sound travels in the inner ear. 1)endolymph of cochlear duct. (2)round window (3)perilymph of scala vestibule (4)vestibular membrane (5)oval window (6)perilymph of scala tympani (7) basilar membrane.

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5,3,4,1,7,6,2

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Outer hair cells, near the center of the basilar membrane, will _____.

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...Both Magnify vibrations of soft sounds and sharpen pitch perception

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What ion is responsible for depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ?

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K+

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What neurotransmitter is released from depolarized hair cells to stimulate fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

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Glutamate

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Which nerve fibers cross in the optic chiasm?

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Axons of ganglion cells from nasal halves of both retinas

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As the number of cycles per second increases, the sound we perceive _______.

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Gets higher

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How can a person perceive over 4,000 different odors?

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Detectable odors are actually combinations of a smaller number of primary odors

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When you travel in an elevator, the __ sense when the elevator is moving.

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Hair cells of the otolithic membrane of the macula sacculi

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If a receptor's receptive field is __, it allows for greater specificity of localization.

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Small

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The sensory receptors of the inner ear for equilibrium are ____.

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Hair cells

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Photoreceptors in the retina of the eye detect changes in light intensity and wavelength. In other words, they are detecting ____.

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Stimuli

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A pressure receptor in the skin could be classified as a ____.

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Somatic Sensory Receptor

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Why is visceral pain sometimes localized incorrectly?

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Visceral sensory neurons travel along the same pathway as many somatic sensory neurons

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Perilymph is contained within the ____.

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Bony and Membranous labyrinths

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Which of the following structures is deepest in the inner ear? 1. bony labyrinth 2. membranous labyrinth 3. perilymph 4. temporal bone

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Membranous Labyrinth

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After the thalamus, auditory nerve signals reach the ____.

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Primary auditory cortex

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The brain can determine the static position of the head due to sensors in the ____.

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Vestibule

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During hearing, the structure that's first to vibrate is the ____.

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Tympanic membrane

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During hearing, the last structure to vibrate is the _____.

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Hair cells of spiral organ

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The foot plate is part of the ___.

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Stapes

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Middle ear has four bones. True/False

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False

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When a generator (receptor) potential reaches threshold, an action potential will be produced. True/False

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True

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The greater the receptor density, the greater the sensory acuity. True/False

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True

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High pitched sounds produce a peak displacement of the basilar membrane near the apex of the cochlea.

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False

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Rods and cones face the light coming into the eye. True/False

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False

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A receptor is an axon that carries sensory impulses to the spinal cord's dorsal horn of gray matter.

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False

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Our brain perceives different colors because each cone responds to a different wavelength on the visual spectrum.

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False

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Walking into a room and recognizing the smell of a favorite dish is an example of a sensation. True/False

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True

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Encapsulated tactile receptors are found in the skin and consist of dendrites with no protective coat. True/False

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False

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The sense of taste if heavily influenced by the olfactory sense as well. True/False

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True

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The lacrimal apparatus of the eye is associated with ___.

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Tears

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Brain region involved with visual interpretation.

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Occipital lobe

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Eye structure. Produces tears.

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Lacrimal glands

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Eye structure. produces mucus

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conjunctiva

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eye structure. produces sweat like substance.

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ciliary glands

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eye structure. produces oily substance.

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tarsal glands.

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Eye skeletal muscle. depresses eye and turns it laterally

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superior oblique

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Eye skeletal muscle. depresses eye and turns it medially

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inferior rectus

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Eye skeletal muscle. moves eye laterally.

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lateral rectus

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Eye skeletal muscle. elevates eye and turn it medially

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superior rectus

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Eye skeletal muscle. elevates eye and turns it laterally

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inferior oblique

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Eye skeletal muscle. moves eye medially.

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medial rectus

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What part of the ear functions in both hearing and equilibrium?

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Internal ear

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Another name for an instrument used to examine the ear is a(n) ____.

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otoscope

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What correctly describes the appearance of a healthy tympanic membrane?

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Pearly white and moist.

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If the examination revealed an inflamed tympanic membrane, what would the likely diagnosis be?

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otitus media

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The hair cells in the spiral organ, rest on the _____.

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Basilar membrane

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The anatomical location of the crista ampullaris is the ____.

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Base of semicircular ducts

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what structures are essential in the mechanism of dynamic equilibrium?

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semicircular canals

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The involuntary rolling or trailing of the eyes in one direction followed by rapid movement in the opposite direction is called ______.

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nystagmus

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the sensation of dizziness and rotational movement when such movement is not occurring describes _____.

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Vertigo

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Neurons located in tendons, ligaments, and skeletal muscles that aid in maintaining equilibrium are ______.

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proprioceptors

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How many layers are in the wall of the eye?

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Three

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Structure with function. Sclera

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"white" of the eye

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Structure with function. retina

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layer containing rods and cones

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Structure with function. cornea

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anteriormost, transparent portion of the eye

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Structure with function. iris

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pigmentes smooth muscle fibers that regulate the amount of light entering the eye.

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Structure with function. Macula lutea

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area of high cone density

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Structure with function. ciliary muscles

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control of lens shape

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Structure with function. optic disc

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"blind" spot

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Rods are specialized receptors that function in ______

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dim light

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correct pathway, rods and cones pass visual stimuli toward the cerebral hemispheres.

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Bipolar neurons, ganglion cells, optic nerve

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The blind spot lacks ___.

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All photoreceptors

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Measuring the near point of accommodation is a test of the ____.

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elasticity of the lens

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The color tests determine whether there are deficiencies in which cell type?

answer

cones

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taste receptors are ____.

answer

chemoreceptors

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the bipolar neurons whose cilia extend outward from the epithelium on the roof of the nasal cavity are known as ___.

answer

olfactory sensory neurons

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olfactory nerve fibers carry electrical impulses through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone to synapse with other neurons in the ___.

answer

olfactory bulbs

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Preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system can be located in the spinal cord from _____.

answer

T1 through L2

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Another name for a complex network of spinal nerves is ____.

answer

Plexus

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Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system are located in ______.

answer

The cranial nerves and S2 through S4

Brain, Cranial Nerves, Spine, Special Senses – Flashcards

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