BRAE 340 Exam 1 – Flashcards
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Flow Rate
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cu-ft/sec
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Area
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acres
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Power
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kilowatt
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Pressure
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head
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Volume
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ac-in
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Length
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miles
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Depth
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inches
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Application Rate
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in/hr
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Velocity
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ft/sec
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Gross
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the total amount of water applied by an irrigation system
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Net
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the amount of water required by a plant
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The most significant beneficial use of water
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crop evapotranspiration (ETc)
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Leaching
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applying extra water to cause deep percolation which washes salts below the root zone
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Measuring the water velocity over time and the channel area, you can compute the flow rate (T/F)
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true
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In what location is volumetric flow measurement most important to meet the regulatory requirements of billing and on-farm water management?
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irrigation turnouts
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The head measured on a weir is defined as...
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the difference between the water surface upstream and the crest height
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What would typically NOT impact the distributions of velocities in an irrigation canal?
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water temperature
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What would typically impact the distributions of velocities in an irrigation canal?
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channel roughness, water depth, channel geometry, channel slope
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Evapotranspiration
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the sum of plant transpiration and water evaporated from wet plant or soil surfaces
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What is NOT a reason why irrigation in the west usually requires leaching?
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chemical leaching with soil amendments like gypsum eliminates salt problems and saves water
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Equation for volumetric measurement
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flow rate * time
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The exact conversion factor from cfs to ac-ft/day
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1.983 ac-ft/day = 1 cfs
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What measurements are needed for a metergate?
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gate opening, upstream and downstream water levels
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License
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an official document giving permission to appropriate water
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Watershed
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area determined by topography contributing to a particular surface water source
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SBx7
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was enacted in Nov. 2009, requiring all water suppliers to increase water use efficiency
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Wright Act, 1887
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aka Irrigation District Law, allowed formation of local irrigation districts
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Article X, Sect. 2, CA Const.
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establishes "reasonable and beneficial" standard for water use
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Subordinate Right
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lower in priority than superior rights; can only be satisfied with water leftover after superior rights
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Usufructuary Right
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a right to use the water, but not to own the fluid itself
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Adjudicate
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establish in court the priority, amount and/or share of the rights to water from a particular source
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Gov. of CA
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mandated the formation of the State Dept. of Water Resources
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Superior Right
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higher in priority than subordinate rights; must be satisfied before allocating to subordinate rights
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Aquifer
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underground rock, gravel, or sand which stores and conveys water through pore spaces
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Wheeling
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water agencies' agreement to move water between them (direct conveyance system need not exist)
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Shasta Lake
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federal project/facility
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Friant-Kern Canal
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federal project/facility
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Colorado River Aqueduct
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local project/facility
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Claire Engle Lake
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federal project/facility
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Hetch-Hetchy Aqueduct
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local project/facility
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California Aqueduct
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state project/facility
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Madera Canal
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federal project/facility
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Los Angeles Aqueduct
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local project/facility
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Lake Oroville
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state project/facility
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SWP
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state project/facility
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Coalinga Canal
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federal project/facility
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Folsom Canal
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federal project/facility
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Nearly 2/3 of the State's population gets at least some of their drinking water from the Delta (T/F)
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true
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Very little of the SWP water is used from irrigation of agricultural crops (T/F)
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true
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If individual farmers were 60% efficient in their water use, the proportion of water used in Ag that can be "saved" and reallocated through water transfers is about 40% (T/F)
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false
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Eliminating ground water overdraft requires that all pumping from the ground water stop (T/F)
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false
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Percentage of California's environmental water consumption
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38%
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Percentage of California's urban water consumption
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9%
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Percentage of California's misc. water consumption
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15%
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Percentage of California's agricultural water consumption
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38%
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Local water projects in California transport what portion of the state's total surface water supply to areas of greatest water demand?
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36%
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California's agriculture uses what percent of its developed water supply?
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81%
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What portion of California's total water supply is devoted to environmental uses?
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39%
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California's environmental and urban uses consume what portion of its total water supply?
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49%
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Multiple users of same water source must share shortage in times of drought
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riparian rights
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Based on concepts of California gold rush mining law
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appropriative rights
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Water rights of cities descended from small towns established during Spanish era in California
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pueblo rights
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A town's water right is limited to the original watershed of the town
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pueblo rights
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Allows water to be sold or transferred
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appropriative rights
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Can file for water needed for full grown orchards, even though trees won't be fully grown for some years
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appropriative rights
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Applies to small towns established during California's Spanish era
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pueblo rights
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Earliest water right to incorporate the "reasonable and beneficial" limitation on water use
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pueblo rights
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Water cannot be owned by individuals...it is the property of all the citizens of the state
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public trust doctrine
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Certain resources are the property of all citizens and are held in trust by the state
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public trust doctrine
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Reclaimed water is likely to be a significant source of drinking water in the near future (T/F)
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false
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State and Federal water projects in California transport what portion of the state's total surface water supply to areas of greatest water demand?
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41%
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California's urban users consume what percent of its developed water supply?
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19%
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In many cases, these rights are senior to rights established under state law
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federal reserved rights
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First in time, first in right
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appropriative rights
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Right is not lost if unused for long periods
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riparian rights
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Grants water to accomplish purpose for which the Federal govt. established the entity
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federal reserved rights
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Often and wrongly called "Indian Water," these rights are not held only by Indians
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federal reserved rights
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The date of the right is the date of the establishment of the reservation
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federal reserved rights
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Requires sufficient water to remain in streams to support navigation and fish populations
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public trust doctrine
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California's agriculture consumes about what portion of its total water supply?
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39%
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Right is to a portion of the supply, not a specific amount
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riparian rights
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Prevents ag/urban users from claiming so much water that navigation is excessively harmed
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public trust doctrine
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Water rights for Indian and Military reservations
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federal reserved rights
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Water right is a matter of land ownership (the water goes with the land)
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riparian rights
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Purpose is to obtain and distribute water
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irrigation district
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Non-profit entity, but can maintain cash reserve
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irrigation district
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Group of agencies that work together to set Bay-Delta water quality standards
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CALFED
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Makes decisions regarding California's water rights and allocations
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SWRCB
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Requires environmental assessment for all through-Delta water transfers
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SWRCB
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Can receive loans and contract to repay
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irrigation district
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Cooperative group of federal and state water-related agencies
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CALFED
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Has power to condemn property
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irrigation district
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Developed and operates the CVP
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USBR
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Responsible for record-keeping on crops, acreages and water use
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DWR
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Implements decisions regarding water allocations
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DWR
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Administers the WaterSense Program
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EPA
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Has power to levy taxes
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irrigation district
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Requires sufficient water for in-stream uses
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SWRCB
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Operates SWP
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DWR
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Deals with California's water related administrative issues
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DWR
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Federal agency that oversees the Clean Water Act
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EPA
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Adopted water quality standards for Delta in May 1995
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SWRCB
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Increased population means increased demand for water for residential use (T/F)
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true
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The SWP was completed as planned (T/F)
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false
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Urban sprawl and salinization have contributed to the increase in irrigated acreage in California (T/F)
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false
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Subsidence and reduced aquifer storage capacity is less related to groundwater overdraft than to compaction or heavy farm equipment traffic (T/F)
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false
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Environmentalists are divided on the issue of water marketing as a means to solve California water supply problems (T/F)
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true
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Few water agencies are required to develop water conservation pans (T/F)
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false
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During the drought, water conservation efforts are largely ineffective (T/F)
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false
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According to DWR estimates, water conservation could reduce demand by about 1.2 million ac-ft/yr (T/F)
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true
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The selenium that accumulated to toxic levels in the Kesterson reservoir did not come from agricultural chemicals applied with the irrigation water (T/F)
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true
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The Endangered Species Act prohibits adjusting water project operations to protect endangered salmon (T/F)
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false
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Best Management Practices are urban water conservation practices, and include the use of water-saving plumbing fixtures (T/F)
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true
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Formed in 1902 as a branch of the Dept. of the Interior
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USBR
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Formal association of water users, formation governed by State Law
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irrigation district
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Conducts Bay-Delta hearings
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SWRCB
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Established by the Reclamation Act of 1902
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USBR
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Does water-related planning for California
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DWR
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Subsidized Federal water projects to promote development of the West
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USBR
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Holds water rights for farmers
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irrigation district
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Politically appointed Board
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SWRCB
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California's population probably will not exceed 40 million by 2050 (T/F)
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false
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California's farmland is holding steady in the face of urban growth (T/F)
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false
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California lacks a comprehensive system of groundwater management legislation and there are no controls in California over extraction (T/F)
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true
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Most water agencies/districts are required to develop water conservation plans (T/F)
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true
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The price charged for water has been an effective way to encourage water conservation (T/F)
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true
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Subsurface drainage systems are commonly used throughout the San Joaquin, Imperial, and Coachella Valleys to drain excess or saline water from the root zone (T/F)
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true
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Water quality issues particularly important in the Delta include turbidity and salinity (T/F)
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true
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Efficient Water Management Practices are agricultural water conservation practices and includes canal automation (T/F)
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true
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Federal developer of dams, canals, and irrigation projects
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USBR
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Federal builder of flood control projects, which are often used for irrigation as well
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US Army Corps of Engineers
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Offers water-related conservation, education, and local assistance programs
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DWR
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Municipalities currently have great interest in building additional water storage reservoirs for urban supply (T/F)
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true
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Water conservation is not likely to have an impact on California's water budget (T/F)
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false
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Reverse flows in the Delta are beneficial to migrating fish populations and water quality (T/F)
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false
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Gray water reuse includes using household sink or washing machine wastewater for irrigation or other non-potable urban water uses (T/F)
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true
