Brady Test 1 Review – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answers| Heterotrophs |
Can't Make own food ex. bunnies, people |
| Saprophytes |
Eat Dead/ Rotting Organisms ex. fungi/ bacteria |
| Nitrogen Cycle (Order) |
Nitrogen Gas Ammonia Nitrite Nitrate Amino Acids/ Proteins |
| Bacteria That Fix Nitrogen |
| Rhizobium, Azotobacter, Rotospirillium |
| Rhizobium |
| An important nitrogen fixing bacteria |
| Sulfur Cycle (in order) |
Hydrogen Sulfide Sulfur Sulfite Sulfate Amino Acids/ Proteins |
| Sulfur-Changing Bacteria Examples |
| Thiobacillus, Desulfovibrio, Beggiatoa |
| Bacteria that do the sulfur cycle backwards (take amino acids and make Hydrogen Sulfide) |
| Proteus vulgaris, Salmonella typhi |
| Methods of Organization |
Phenetic Phylogenetic |
| Phenetic |
Classification by what they look like Shape, size, morphology |
| Phylogenetic |
Classifying with differences such as:
uses genetic material such as tRNA and rRNA Composition of DNA Differences in cell membrane lipid structure Cell wall structure Antibiotic Sensitivity |
| The Domains |
Eucarya
Bacteria
Archea |
| Domain Eucarya |
have nuclear membranes cell walls if present are made of cabohydrates Not sensitive to antibiotics ribosomes are different |
| Bacteria Domain |
Prokaryotic organisms cell walls = peptidoglycan no nuclear membrane sensetive to antiobiotics |
| Archaea Domain |
Prokaryotic cell walls not peptidoglycan Extreme environments (halophiles, methanogens, hypothermophiles) not sensitive to antibiotics |
| Peptidoglycan |
| Its in cell walls of bacteria |
| Strain Types |
Biovar
Morphovar
Serovar |
| Biovar |
| strain with biochemical and physiological differences; diff proteins and enzymes |
| Morphovar |
stain with differences in shape and physical
there are strains that have color pigment or lack it |
| Serovar |
| varient in prokaryotic strains due to antigen differences |
| Levels of Organization (starting with Domain) |
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus - Cap species - lower case |
| Methods for Studying microbes |
Inoculation
Incubation
Isolation
Inspection
Identification |
| Inoculation |
| taking a small sample, putting it on growth media |
| Incubation |
| growing the sample under best circumstances |
| Isolation |
| Separating microbes to form pure colonies |
| Inspection |
| examining colonies and cells |
| Identification |
| putting them in the right groups so you can name them |
| Inoculum |
| term for small sample of a microbe |
| Medium / Media |
| substance which contains nutrients for the growth of the inoculum |
| Turbidity |
| cloudiness in liquid media |
| Fastidius |
| Picky |
| Fastidius Heterotroph Examples |
Legionella
Bordetella pertussis
Helicobacter pylori |
| Parasite |
| lives in or on other living things |
| Obligate Parasite |
Cannot survive outside a living thing
"Harder to catch" |
| Facultative Parasite |
| A parasite that can survive outside a host |
| Methanogenesis |
process done by certain autotrophs create methane gas |
| Autotrophs |
| create their own food |
| Extreme dehydration (of a microbe) |
the microbe goes down to 20% water
(leaves them dormant) |
| Obligate Halophiles |
microbe that must have high salt levels
ex. Halobacterium |
| Facultative halophiles |
| can tolerate salt levels (Halotolerent) |
| Facultative parasite/ halophile example. can stand extreme pH too, also saccrotolerent |
| Staph |
| Saccrophile |
| needs high levels of sugar |
| Acidophiles |
need low pH
ex. Helicobacter pylori, Euglena mutabilis |
| Alkalinophiles |
| Like Higher pH |
| Methods of classifying growth media |
Physical types
Origin
Function |
| Broth |
| liquid medium |
| Plate, Slant, Deep |
| Solid Media |
| Gel |
| Semisolid Medium |
| Physical Media Types |
Broth Solid Gel Living Media |
| Media types based on origin |
natural
synthetic |
| Funtional types of media |
Nutrient Enriched Selective Differential |
| Plate |
| Solid medium in a petri plate |
| Slant |
| Solid medium in a test tube |
| Living media |
used for examining viruses and microbes like syphilis and leprosy ex. chick embryos and experimental animals |
| Natural Media / Nonsynthetic |
comes from natural sources, exact composition of the medium is not always known
Blod, tomato, animal extracts, milk agar |
| Synthetic Medium / Minimal medium |
Completely man made medium, composition strictly controlled ex. Simmon's Citrate medium only has one sugar in it |
| Enriched Media |
Grow fastidius heterotrophs Heat labile - destroyed by heat Blood agar, Thayer-Martin agar, Milk Agar |
| Heat Labile Media Type |
| Enriched Media |
| General Purpose media examples |
Nutrient Agar/ broth Brain Heart Infusion Trypticase Soy Agar |
| Peptone |
| buffer to maintain a constant pH in general purpose media |
| Acts as a buffer in general purpose media |
| Peptone |
| Selective media |
So microbes will grow, some will not ex. EMB, MSA |
| EMB (Eosin Methylene Blue) |
Selective - crystal violet kills gram positives Differential - lactose fermenters (E. coli) |
| MSA Manntiol Salt Agar |
Selective - high salt concentrations so Staphylococci and Halophiles can grow Differential - Staph. aureus will cause the medium to change yellow |
| Differential media |
| provides visible diff between organisms, color |
| Phases of Microbial Growth / Disease Path |
Lag Log (Exponential) Plateu Log (Death) |
| Generation Time |
Time required for a cell to divide 20min for E. coli |
| Factors that affect microbial growth |
Temperature
Oxygen Requirements |
| Psychrophiles |
like cold 0-15'C ex. Psychrobacter |
| Facultative psychrophile/ psychrotroph |
| can grow in refrigeration and have an optimum temperature of 20'C-30'C |
| Mesophile |
between 20'C and 40'C pathogens |
| Theromophiles |
Grow at above 50'C ex. Thermous aquaticus |
| Aerobes |
Need Oxygen for metabolism ex. Micrococcus and Pseudomonas |
| Obligate anaerobes |
Cannot tolerate Oxygen ex. Clostridium sporogenes |
| Clostridium sporogenes |
| Obligate anaerobe |
| Examples of Aerobes |
| Micrococcus and Pseudomonas |
| Facultative anaerobes |
Can tolerate Oxygen ex. E. coli |
| Microaerophiles |
Requires small amounts of Oxygen ex. Treponema pallidum (syphillis) |
| Treponema pallidum |
Microaerophiles Syphillis |
| Capnophiles |
| grow best at a higher carbon dioxide tension than normally in the atmosphere |
| Axenic |
| pure culture |
| Isolation methods |
Streak plate Dilution |
| Maintaining / Preserving Cultures |
Periodic Transfer Preservation under oil Lyophilization |
| Lyophilization |
| Freeze dry the microbe |
| strepto- |
| chain of cocci or bacilli |
| sarcina |
| cube of 8 cocci |
| Staphylo |
| Grape like cluster of cocci |
| 3 Shapes of bacteria |
Coccus Bacillus Spirillium |
| Coryne |
| club shaped bacilli |
| Spirochete |
| long, slender spiral |
| Vibrio |
| bent rod |
| Reasons to Negative Stain |
Accurate size of cell May reveal capsule |
| Capsule functions |
Protect from: dehydration phagocytosis by WBCs |
| Magnesium Ribonucleate |
| in Gram + |
| Characteristics of Gram + |
Has MgRNA sensitive to crystal violet, no EMB growth sensitive to penicillin can form spores produces exotoxins which leave the cell |
| Characteristics of Gram - |
No MgRNA Not sensitive to crystal violet, grows on EMB not senstitive to penicilin non spore formers produce endotoxins which arent released |
