The experiment revealed that plasma insulin and glucagon levels were influenced by negative feedback, resulting in changes. At the beginning, insulin caused a significant increase in plasma glucose levels one hour after eating compared to fasting levels. However, after three hours, insulin returned to fasting levels. Throughout the experiment, glucagon levels remained relatively stable except for a slight decrease one hour after eating. Glucagon acts on liver cells to break down glycogen into glucose and convert lactic acid and certain amino acids into glucose, leading to an increase in plasma glucose concentration.
There were also observed changes in plasma ketone concentration. During fasting, ketone levels were high but decreased after eating and even after three hours. This change occurred because initially ketones were necessary for ATP production but as fuel demands decreased, so did ketone production.
The fluctuations in plasma insulin level were caused by negative f
...eedback mechanisms where blood glucose level controls the secretion of both glucagon and insulin through negative feedback systems. Similarly, negative feedback also resulted in adjustments in plasma glucagon concentration during the experiment.
The experiment demonstrated how insulin, glucagon, and ketones interacted with and responded to changes in blood glucose levels through negative feedback mechanisms.The experiment observed changes in the insulin/glucagon ratio, indicating alterations in glucose storage and the ability to increase blood glucose concentration through glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. The highest capability for glucose storage occurred during the 1-hour post-meal period, which contained the greatest amount of sugar in the blood. A high blood ketone level helps protect blood glucose by buffering the rise in acidic ketone bodies. Some expectations from the experiment's data were confirmed while others required correction with supporting information.
Durin
exercise, adrenaline and noradrenaline released from the adrenal medulla have similar effects on plasma glucose levels as glucagon. This is significant during exercise because epinephrine and norepinephrine are released by the adrenal medulla in response to stress, allowing the body to meet increased demand. An increased heart rate is necessary for efficient functioning during exercise, but it can also lead to symptoms of diabetes mellitus such as elevated plasma glucose levels and diabetic acidosis.
Diabetic acidosis poses a dangerous complication as it disrupts the body's chemical balance, causing excessive acidity.
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