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Rosa Parks

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Civil Rights Activist NAACP organizers thought Parks was the perfect candidate for the bus event Hometown: Tuskegee, AL Member of AME/NAACP

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Joanne Robinson

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civil rights activist and educator in Montgomery, Alabama - After Brown vs. Board of Education, Robinson had informed the mayor of the city that a boycott would come but made little success by the late 1955. After Rosa Parks' arrest, they had seized the moment to plan the protest of the buses in Montgomery.

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Montgomery

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Boycott NAACP chapter Rosa Parks joined

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Birmingham

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MLK arrested

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Greensboro, NC

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While not the first sit-ins of the African-American Civil Rights Movement, the Greensboro sit-ins were an instrumental action, leading to increased national sentiment at a crucial period in US history.

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Fannie Lou Hamer

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American voting rights activist and civil rights leader. She was instrumental in organizing Mississippi Freedom Summer for the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee, and

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Ella Baker

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- African-American civil rights and human rights activist beginning in the 1930s - worked alongside some of the most famous civil rights leaders of the 20th century, including W. E. B. Du Bois, Thurgood Marshall, A. Philip Randolph, and Martin Luther King, Jr. - leader sncc/sclc

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Martin Luther King

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American clergyman, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African-American Civil Rights Movement. He is best known for his role in the advancement of civil rights using nonviolent civil disobedience. King has become a national icon in the history of American progressivism

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Jessie Jackson

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Run Jesse Run 1984 and 1988 SCLC, PUSH, Operation Bread Basket. 1984 5 primaries 3rd in race. in '88 11 primaries with 7 million votes, rainbow coalition

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John Lewis

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SNCC chairman Freedom rider and elected to US congress in 1986

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Stokely Carmichael

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Kwame Turé/Stokely Carmichael was a Trinidadian-American black activist active in the 1960s American Civil Rights Movement. Graduated: Howard University leader of Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC, pronounced "snick") and later as the "Honorary Prime Minister" of the Black Panther Party.

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Mississippi Summer

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aka Freedom Summer -a campaign in the United States launched in June 1964 to attempt to register as many African-American voters as possible in Mississippi, which had historically excluded most blacks from voting. The project also set up dozens of Freedom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community centers in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population. Organized by COFO

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Deacons of Defense & Justice

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Who: Founders, Black veterans in Louisiana When: 1964 Why: To protect CORE and SNCC Voter registration drives and marches (The Urban Black Power Movement) Note: Investigated by FBI (Protected Civil Rights Workers)

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Huey P. Newton

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Black Power Movement Community College Student Free Huey Rally an African-American political and urban activist who, along with Bobby Seale, co-founded the Black Panther Party in 1966

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Bobby Seale

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Black Power Movement Community College Student Put on Trial (shackled and gagged in court)

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Ericka Huggins

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African-American activist and founder of the Black Panther Party in New Haven, Connecticut at the time of The New Haven Black Panther trials.

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Elaine Brown

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Black Power Movement Elaine Brown is an American prison activist, writer, singer, and former Black Panther Party chairman who is based in Oakland, California. Brown briefly ran for the Green Party presidential nomination in 2008

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Eldridge and Kathleen Cleaver

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Black Power Movement Exile in Algeria (1969)

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SNCC

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Student Non-violent Coordinating Committee i. Figures: Fannie Lou Hamer, John Lewis, Ella Baker, Robert F. Williams, Jim Lawson. ii. Campaigns: Montgomery Bus Boycott, Freedom Summer, March on Washington. iii. Strategies: Nonviolence, Integration. iv. Philosophy: Religious ideal of nonviolence. Integration of human endeavor. Appealing to conscience and standing on the moral nature.

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SCLC

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Southern Christian Leadership Conference i. Figures: Martin Luther King Jr., Bayard Rustin, Ella Baker. ii. Campaigns: Selma Voting Rights Campaign and March to Montgomery, March on Washington. iii. Strategies: Boycotts, Nonviolence. iv. Philosophy: Churches should be involved in political activism.

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CORE

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Congress of Racial Equality i. Figures: Bayard Rustin ii. Campaigns: Freedom Rides iii. Strategies: Nonviolence iv. Philosophy: Nonviolence as a means of desegregation.

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NAACP

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National Association for the Advancement of Colored i. Figures: W.E.B. Du Bois, Thurgood Marshall, Rosa Parks, Roy Wilkins, Jesse Jackson, ii. Campaigns: March on Washington iii. Strategies: Legal defense, iv. Philosophy: Desegregation, fighting disfranchisement,

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MFDP

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Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party i. Figures: Fannie Lou Hamer ii. Campaigns: Mississippi Freedom Summer iii. Strategies: Register black voters. iv. Philosophy: Challenge the legitimacy of the white-only US Democratic Party. Empowered Women's rights.

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COFO

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Council of Federated Organizations/ coalition of the Mississippi branches of the four major civil rights organizations i. Consisted of several organizations such as SNCC, CORE, MFDP, SCLC, and NAACP.

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Malcolm X

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assassinated in 1965 Conservative nationalism our black and shining prince Malcolm moves towards Sunni Islam distinguishes between Negro and black people Sees itself as redefining black nationalist meet violence with violence Meets with KKK to solicit aid in getting land

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Elijah Muhammad

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Elijah Poole The Honorable Elijah Muhammad Sandersville, Georgia. 4th grade education worked with sharecropping parents 20th century great migration and the messenger

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Amiri Baraka

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Who: Lerdi Jones A Poem for Black Hearts Cultural Nationalism (who will serve america) Black art. Cultural nationals- Kanebga, US.. Panthers were anti-homophobic The Revolution was not yet televised

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Sonia Sanchez

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Sonia Sanchez is an African-American poet most often associated with the Black Arts Movement. She has authored over a dozen books of poetry, as well as plays and children's books

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James Baldwin

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American novelist, essayist, playwright, poet, and social critic His novels and plays fictionalize fundamental personal questions and dilemmas amid complex social and psychological pressures thwarting the equitable integration of not only blacks, but also gay men

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Fred Hampton

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Fred Hampton was an African-American activist and deputy chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party - killed while sleeping in his apartment during a raid by a tactical unit of the Cook County, Illinois

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Nation Of Islam

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religious rejection of white Christianity Islam as a source of redemptive narrative. role of gender and black mascilinity. Manhood in the African America Islam org Mufti Muhammad Saddiq addresses UNIA ! gatherings and training African American sheiks Nation of Islam Founded July 4, 1931 Themes of politics: respectability, rehabilitating black Manhood /Masculinity, Black Patriarchy and (Re)forming the black family Fruit of Islam (FOI) militancy training for men Muslim girl training (MGI) how to keep house, care for husbands, rear children, sew, cook,etc The hate that Hat produces? Black Speratism- seperate nation for black people

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Black Panther Party

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When: Founded in 1966 Who: Young Urban Nationalists drew on SNCC and older activists Where: Oakland, CA What: 10 Point program (ex. free breakfasts) Why:Black Nationalists, Revolutionary Socialists and Marxists Olympics in Mexico City Black Americans protest part of world war protest against racism, imperialism War runners banned for life Huey Newton/Bobby Seale

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RAM

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Revolutionary Action Movement Max Standford (Cofounder) Blended: X and Williams Only group that Malcolm X joined Destroyed by COINTELPRO

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Black Liberation Army

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- underground, black nationalist militant organization - Composed largely of former Black Panthers (BPP), the organization's program was one of "armed struggle", and its stated goal was to "take up arms for the liberation and self-determination of black people in the United States."

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COINTELPRO

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What: Monitoring of Black Nationalists (from Garvey to MLK) Counter Intelligence Program Who: FBI tracked anti-war activists, priests, and nuns, congress and others FBI feared international interest in black struggle implicated in Northern and Southern violence Bobby Seale and the Chicago 8

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Assata Shakur

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Black Panther "Nobody in the world, nobody in history has ever gotton their freedom by appealing to the moral sense of the pople who were oppressing them " National revolutionaries ( Nannie, marroons and Harriet Tubman) grandmother in exile, strong influence, experienced racism is the first woman on the terrorist list in 2013

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Angela Davis

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Black Panther 3rd woman to be on FBI's most wanted list Campaigns to free Angela Davis ( worldwide) Freed on bail.

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Pauli Murray

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Black Feminist: Coined the term Jane crow. Was the Civil Rights Lawyer co-founder of NOW. 1st black womens priest in Episcopal Church and made a saint in 2012 cultural Icons Syria sanchez and Queen Mother Moose

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Alice Walker

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Who: Writer/Activist What: Womanist Note: Womanist is to feminist as purple is to lavender

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June Jordan

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Who: Poet, writer, activist What: Womanist ?Wrote more than 27 books, plays, librettist, professor, mother and woman?

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Shirley Chisholm

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Shirley Anita St. Hill Chisholm was an (Black) American politician, educator, and author. Congresswoman, representing New York's 12th Congressional District for seven terms from 1969 to 1983 1st black woman of congress. First black to run for president in 1972

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Combahee River Collective

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Founded in 1974 by both writers and activists Major systems of oppression are interlocking "The most general statement of our political at the present time would be that we are actively committed to struggling...." Mentors: kitchen table press Barbara Smith, Audre Lorde Cherrie Morage and Gloria Hill Angela Davis still in the fight against womanism and womanist.

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Womanism/Womanist

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What: a black feminist or feminist of color; someone who is committed to the wholeness and well-being of all humanity; male and female. Having or expressing albeit in or respect for women and their faults and abilities beyond the race and class Because of our experience during slavery black women are already capable

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Feminism

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Black women had half the income and twice the unemployment of white women White feminist movement often spoke exclusively to middle and upper class white women. Black feminist focused on race, class and gender oppression. 1960's activists drew on long history of black feminist throughout. Claudia Jones and Pauli Murray were early left feminist leaders.

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Reparations

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groups received reparations: - japanese 1988 survive internment camps - european jews given 58 mill to jews (return of art, jewelry, and financial deposits) - some indigenous peoples in Alaska an Cnda Who has asked for reparations? - black americans for slavery and jim crow - uncomped labor and discriminations - west africans - Caribbean countries Port Royal Experiment - the first effect to give ex slaces autonimy sea islands of georgia/south carolina - people developed their own dialect 40 acres and a mule (1863) - after assasination of Lincoln, johnson ordered this process to be ended and land was given back to owners and white troops.

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Watts Riots 1965

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Urban Rebellion 1964-1972 Was it a Riot or a Rebellion? Why: Police use of Force Fuels Riot 34 deaths, 1032 Injuries $40 mil damage 272 burned buildings 3438 arrests = Police Violence met with Community Revolt

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LA Riots 1992

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Civil Unrest 1992

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Rodney King

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an African-American construction worker who, while on parole for robbery, became nationally known after being beaten by Los Angeles police officers following a high-speed car chase on March 3, 1991 Cause of LA Riots

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Clarence Thomas/Anita Hill

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Clarence Thomas: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court Mobilized Woman of all Races Anita Hill: a subordinate at the Department of Education and subsequently at the EEOC gave sexual harrassment in the workplace a definition African American Women in Defense of Ourselves starts

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African American Women in Defense of Ourselves

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Came together after Thomas hearings. Published a statement in major white and black press that was signed bu 1000's of black women Had to pay to have it published because black women were not given a voice in debates over meaning of the hearings Founded by scholars, activists Barbara Ransby, Elise Barkley Brown and Deborah King

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Mumia Abu Jamal

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" Love from beauty row"

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Attica

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Attica was the site of a prison riot in 1971 which resulted in 39 deaths, of which 29 were convicts and ten were guards held hostage. Reason for riot: Overcrowding

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Prison Industrial Complex

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the rapid expansion of the US inmate population to the political influence of private prison companies and businesses that supply goods and services to government prison agencies.

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Attica and Sing Sing

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Prisoner Abuse

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Black Radical Congress

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founded in 1998 in Chicago. It is a grassroots network of individuals and organizations of African descent focused on advocating for broad progressive social justice, racial equality and economic justice goals within the United States

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Freedom Agenda

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Each year, the BRC chooses a different "theme" to focus its work on; past themes have included anti-militarism and the prison-industrial complex On 17 April 1999, the BRC ratified a "freedom agenda" listing 15 objectives dealing with racial and economic justice in the United States.[3] The National Council of the BRC adopted a mission statement on 26 September 1999 in East St. Louis, Illinois.

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Million Man March

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When: 1995 Who: Louis Farrakhan calls march Where: Washington National Mall Why? took place within the context of a larger grassroots movement that set out to win politicians' attention for urban and minority issues through widespread voter registration campaigns. How? many people...400,000-1 mil.

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Louis Farrakhan

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Louis Farrakhan Muhammad, Sr. is the leader of the syncretic and mainly African-American religious movement the Nation of Islam

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Republic of New Africa

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Black people should take over 5 new streets and create republic. Mabel Willams oined the Republic of New Africa

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W.E.B. Dubois

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Moved to Ghana in 1961 Find a new home in back home Du Bois 95th Birthday in Ghana 1963 reveals a lot about Africa New and old connections familial and philosophical

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African Liberation Support

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- Activist organization based in Vancouver, Canada, and Oakland California - 1968-1982 - Activities supports indigenous resistance movements in former colonial countries in Africa

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Anti-War Protests

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Anti-Vietnam Peace activists and leftists on college campuses Anti-war marches and other protests, such as the ones organized by Students for a Democratic Society (SDS)

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Anti Apartheid Movement

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- Opposed South Africa's system of apartheid and supported non-white South Africans.

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Pan Africanism

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- Encourages solidarity of Africans worldwide - Unity as vital to economic, social, and political progress - Stresses "collective self-reliance" - Includes leaders

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Robert Williams

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NAACP Organizer in N.C. Practiced Self Defense in N.C. Integrates Swimming pools, defends kissing case, supports freedom rides Gin club/national guard Accused of kidnapping White Couple Forced into Exile: Starts Radio Free Dixie in Cuba Eventually Exonerated

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Radio Free Dixie

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Robert Williams Radio Show in Cuba

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Exiles

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Eldridge and Kathleen in Algeria Robert Williams (Cuba)

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Walter Rodney

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Pan Africanist/Historian Highest scores going to Harvard Trouble: Uncompromising Intellectual/criticized every country he went to Pan Africanist, historian Guyanese intellectual 1942-1980 Lived in Tanzania, Jamaica, US and Guyana Brought together US, Africam Caribbean, Europe and Asia assassinated by a bomb in 1980

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The Black International

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What: Nationalist and Internationalist Movement Interaction with others. Drew on earlier movements: Garvey, NOI, Pan Africanism, Negritude, Anti-colonial, anti-imperial BPM builds alliances with other radicals around the world

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Third Worldism

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Third-Worldism is a tendency within left-wing political thought to regard the division between First World developed countries and Third World developing countries as being of primary political importance.

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Charles Hamilton Houston

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- "the man who kills Jim Crow" - Graduate with 3 law degrees from Harvard - Recreated Howard's law school - Trained people to do cases concerning o law school, o teacher's salaries, o transportation, labor, armed services (all based on 14th amendment equal protection clause

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Thurgood Marshall

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- Associate Justice of the US Supreme Court - First African American justice - Victory in Brown v. Board of Education o Desegregated public schools - Chief Counsel for NAACP

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Civil Rights Act

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- landmark civil rights legislation that outloawed racial, ethnic, national, and religious minorities - ended unequal application of voter registration requirements and racial segregation in schools, at the workplace and facilities that served the general public

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Voting Rights Act

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- Prohibits discrimination in voting - Using the fifteenth amendment, the act prohibits states and local governments from imposing and "voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure.

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Brown Case

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- Landmark US Supreme Court Case - Declared separate public schools for black and white students as unconstitutional

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Non Aligned Movement

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- (NAM) group of states which are not formally aligned with or against any major sphere of influence - Founded in Belgrade 1961 - Began with leaders from India, Indonesia, Egypt, Ghana, and Yugoslavia who were advocated of a middle course for states in developing ward between the west and eat during the Cold War - Made as an attempt to thwart the war

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Gamal Abdel Nassar

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President of United Arab Republic Second president of Egypt

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Kwame Nkrumah

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Leader of Ghana advocate of Pan-Africanism - a founding member of the Organisation of African Unity and was the winner of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1963. - saw himself as an African Lenin

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Frantz Fanon

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psychiatrist, philosopher, revolutionary, and writer - political radical, and an existentialist humanist concerning the psychopathology of colonization, and the human, social, and cultural consequences of decolonization

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Imperialism

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an unequal human and territorial relationship, usually in the form of an empire, based on ideas of superiority and practices of dominance, and involving the extension of authority and control of one state or people over another."

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Negritude

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What? a literary and ideological movement The Negritude literally means "black-ness." Who? developed by francophone black intellectuals, writers, and politicians in France in the 1930s Its founders included the future Senegalese President Léopold Sédar Senghor, Martinican poet Aimé Césaire, and the Guianan Léon Damas. Why? The Négritude writers found solidarity in a common black identity as a rejection of French colonial racism. They believed that the shared black heritage of members of the African diaspora was the best tool in fighting against French political and intellectual hegemony and domination. They formed a realistic literary style and formulated their Marxist ideas as part of this movement.

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Lèopold Senghor

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Future senegalese President Founder of Negritude movement

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Aimè Cèsaire

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Poet Founder of Negritude movement

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Lèon Damas

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French Poet/Politician Founder of Negritude movement

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Colonialism and Decolonialization

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Decolonization (or decolonisation) is the undoing of colonialism, the unequal relation of polities whereby one people or nation establishes and maintains dependent Territory (courial governments) over another

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Black Arts Movement

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Poetry, Music, Art Critiqued the past and asserted black was beautiful Reframed Blackness Reclaimed Black Manhood often homophobic and sexist Poetry, art, music, critiqued the past assrted black was beautiful, reframed blackness. (1965-1976) emerged with the black power movement Launched in Harlem by artists/ activists/ poet Armiri Baraka. District move away forom Harlem Renaissance. Invested in black aesthetic. Outpouring of literature and cultural production around political and cultural awareness

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Harlem Renaissance

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New Negro Movement 1918-1937 Vibrant during 20s Focused on Misrepresentation Philosophy: Realism, ethnic consciousness, and Americanism Harlem quickly became capital of creative mural art and "new negro images

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Black Aesthetics

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Untapped political power - roots of black nationalism and cultural nationalism - inspired by Malcolm X

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Music and Protest

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Music often connected two struggles the national and international

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AfriCOBRA

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Collective AA visual artists Starts in 1968/1970 changes to AfriCOBRA 1970's- the group changed its name to afriCOBRA referring to African Diaspora with new definition ( African Commune of Bad Relevant Artists) founding members. Nations Longest Running Artist Collectives Orig. Cobra (coalition of Brev. Art) Orig Member: Jeff Donaldson Known as COBRA (coalition of Black Revolutionary Artists) Drawn together by desire to experience and define the black visual aesthetic.

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The Last Poets

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the name for several groups of poets and musicians who arose from the late 1960s African-American civil rights movement's black nationalist movement

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Faith Ringgold

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Painter/Quilter/Feminist Artist Fought for equality within white male dominated art world Explicitly feminist

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Black Urban Mayors

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Kenneth Gibson: Newark 1970 one of the first Northern Major cities

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Black Nationalism

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doesnt start with the black movement but starts in the 18th century with Paul Cuffi and Martin Delaney. nationalism wave of the past and future nationalism uses us and we Forerunners religious an political nationalists group unity there can be better life.

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Black Power Movement

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What: Term conscious move by SNCC when it changes to national Who: SNCC When: 1966 Why: James Meredith's March against fear turns into cry for black power when he was shot Slogan: One struggle, many fronts Stressed: Self-Determination, Definition and Liberation and militancy Young Urban nationalists drew on SNCC and older activists linked to international struggles nationalist and an internationalist movement drew on earlier movements: Garvey, Nation of Islam, Pan Africanism, Negritude and anti-colonial/imperial struggles.

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Callie House

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gave rise to call for reparations " my face is black is true but its not my fault but I love my name and my honest dealing with my fellow men''

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Wilmington, NC 10

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Fusion politics. Fusion party (white unionist worked with black people) services that werent available to them (public school) #1 terrorist?

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National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO)

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active 1973-1976 Purpose- to address ourselves to the particular and specific needs of the larger but diverse cast of the black race in america the black woman. 1974 200 mebers in 10 chapters statement of purpose

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William Worthy

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Journalist and Civil Rights Activist - was the 1st US reporter to enter China'56-57 - wrote fro Baltimore Areo-American and the radical press - passport was seized but went to Cuba in '61 - tried and convicted for returning without a passport. Us appeals court overturned conviction

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Negros Digest

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Important Black magazine that was go to journal Where people debate strategies and tactics

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Bobby Rush

answer

From Black Panther to congressman Chicago elected 1992. Beat Obama 2 to 1 in 2000

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