Biolowgy chapter 10 – Flashcards
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four chromosomes
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During normal mitotic cell division, a parent cell that has four chromosomes will produce two daughter cells, each containing a. two chromosomes b. four chromosomes c. connect to spindle fibers d. dissolve nuclear envelope
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a cell plate
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One difference between cell division in plant cells and in animal cells is that plant cells have a. centrioles b. centromers c. a cell plate d. chromatin
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when they come into contact with each other
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when cells are grown in a lab, which factor can stop normal cells from dividing? a. contact with other cells b. growth factors c. a cut in the skin d. injection of cyclin
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cell division is a completely random process
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cells grown in a petri dish tend to divide until they form a thin layer covering the bottom of the dish. If cells are removed from the middle of the dish, the cells divide until they fill the empty space, What does this experiment show. a. cell division is a completely random process b. once cells divide, they can never divide again c. The controls on the cell growth and division can be turned on and off d. there is only a limited amount of DNA available to a given group of cells
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multicellular organisms
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cancer affects a. humans only b. unicellular organisms only c. multicellular organisms only d. mulitcellular and unicellular organisms
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differentiation
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During early development, all cells in the embryo of a multicellular organism are identical. Late in development, the cells become specialized through a process called a. apoptosis b. cytokinesis c. differentiation d. interphase
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They have the potential to develop into other cell types.
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Why are stem cells important? a. they have specialized DNA b. they are incapable of becoming cancer cells c. they have the potential to undergo cell division d. they have the potential to develop into other cell types
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Reversing damage from a heart attack
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Which of the following is a possible future benefit of stem cell research? a. developing a vaccine for cancer b. reversing damage from a heart attack c. generating embryos from a nonliving tissue d. increasing a persons intelligence quotient
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volume
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The rate at which wastes are produced by a cell partially depends on the cells a. ration of surface area to volume b. type of membrane c. volume d. surface area
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during the S phase
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When during the cell cycle is a cells DNA replicated a. G1 phase b. G2 phase c. S phase d. M phase
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apoptosis
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During normal development, the cells between toes and fingers die by
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10
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a cell with 5 chromosomes in the G1 phase will have how many chromatids in the G2 phase
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differentiation
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Adult skin cells can no longer become other types of cells because they have already undergone
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The cell runs out of room and is lest efficient in moving nutrients and waste across the cell membrane
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List two problems that growth causes for cells
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Asexual because single-celled organisms use a sexual reproduction as a survival strategy. When conditions are right, the faster they reproduce, the better chance of survival. Having offspring that are identical genetically is also an advantage as long as conditions are favorable.
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Which type of reproduction, sexual or a sexual, is best suited for organisms that live in a place where environmental conditions are stable
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continue to grow, have DNA overload, and exchange materials inefficiently until it dies
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The level of cyclins in a cell increases during the M phase of the cell cycle. What might happen to a cell if no cyclins were present during the M phase
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The cells will be all bunched together
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How do you know which diagram has cancer cells
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cancer cells are all bunched together while normal cells sit next to each other in a line
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explain how cancer cells are different from normal cells
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The tumor will grow bigger and create secondary tumors through a process called meastasis
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What can happen if cancer cells are left untreated
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In figure A, a damaged p53 cause cells to lose information needed for normal control of growth. In figure B, p53 halts the ell cycle until hall chromosomes have been properly replicated
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Explain the role that p53 might have had in the growth and division of the cells shown in each diagram
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Chemotherapy or radiation
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How can cancer cells be prevented from doing more harm to the organism they are a part of
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one allele for each gene
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Gametes have a.homologous chromosomes b. twice the number of chromosomes found in body cells c. two sets of chromosomes d. one allele for each gene
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prophase I of meiosis
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Chromosomes form tetrads during a. prophase I of meiosis b. metaphase I of meiosis c. interphase d. anaphase II of meiosis
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four genetically different cells
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What is formed at the end of meiosis a. two genetically identical cells b. gour genetically different cells c. four genetically identical cells d. two genetically different cells
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What are the difficulties a cell faces as it increases in size?
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The larger a cell becomes, -the more demands the cell places on its DNA(the dna doesnt grow) -the less efficient in moving nutrients and waste materials across the cell membrane -the bigger it is, the more materials it needs -if a cell gets too large, the surface area of the cell is not large enough to transport
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before a cell grows too large, it divides into two new "daughter" cells in a process called_____
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cell division
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Comparision of sexual and asexual
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differences- asexual is a single parent and the offspring is identical. sexual has an offspring with two parents and the offspring inherits some of the genetic information from each parent
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A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
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sexual reproduction
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A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
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asexual reproduction
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packages filled with genetic information located in the nucleus
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chromosomes
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What is the role of chromosomes in cell division?
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Chromosomes make it possible to separate DNA precisely during cell divison
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Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones
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chromatin
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the prokaryotic cell cycle is known as
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binary fission
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What are the main events of the cell cycle
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a cell grows, prepares for division and divides to form two daughter cells.
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Four phases of the cell cycle
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G1, S, G2, M
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the time between cell divisions. Consists of G1, S, G2, M
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Interphase
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cell growth Phase that the cell increases in size and synthesizes new proteins and organelles
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G1 phase
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cell growth phase when the new dna is synthesized when the chromosomes are replicated
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S phase
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cell growth phase where many of the organelles and molecules required for cell division are produced.
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G2 phase
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cell growth phase that is the cell division part
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M phase
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the division of the cells nucleus
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mitosis
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the division of the cytoplasm
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cytokinesis
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phase of cell divison in which the chromatin condenses into chromosomes. the centrioles separate, and a spindle begins to form. The nuclear envolope begins to break down
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Prophase
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Area where the chromatids of a chromosome are attached
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centromere
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each strand of a duplicated chromosome
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chromatid
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Structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division
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centrioles
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phase of division in which the centromeres of the duplicated chromosomes line up across the center of the cell. spindle fibers connect the centromere of each chromosome to the two poles of the spindle
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metaphase
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Phase of division in which the chromosomes separate and move to opposite ends of the cell
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anaphase
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phase of division when the chromosome, which were distinct and condensed, begin to spread out into a tangle of chromatin Two new nuclear envelopes form
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telophase
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order of the cell divison
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interphase -g1 -s -g2 -m prophase metaphase anaphase telophase cytokeneis
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a fanlike microtubule structure that helps separate the chromatids
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spindle
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the cytoplasm pinches in half. Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes
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Cytokinesis
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How is the cell cycle regulated?
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The cell cycle is controlled by regulatory proteins both inside and outside the cell
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external regulator that stimulate the growth and division of cells
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Growth factors
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the process of programmed cell death
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apoptosis
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A disease in which some body cells grow and divide uncontrollably, damaging the parts of the body around them.
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cancer
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cancer cells form a mass of cells called
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tumor
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treatments for cancer
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chemo, radiation, surgery
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proteins that regulate the growth of cells from the inside
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internal regulators
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proteins that regulate the growth of cells outside the cell
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external regulators
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developmental process when an organism cell becomes more and more differentiated and specialized for particular functions.
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embryo
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process in which the cells become specialized
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differentiation
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how do cells become specialized for different functions?
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during the development of an organism, cells differentiate into many types of cells
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A group of proteins whose function is to regulate the progression of a cell through the cell cycle and whose concentrations rise and fall throughout the cell cycle
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cyclins
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a cell able to develop into any type of cell in the body
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totipotent
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a hollow ball of cells with a cluster of cells inside known as the inner cell mass
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blastocyst
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cells that devolope into most, but not all, of the bodys cell types
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pluripotent
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the unspecialized cells from which differentiated cells can develop are known as---
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stem cells
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cells that can develop into limitedmany types of differentiated cells
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multopotent
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what are some possible benefits and issues associated with stem research?
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-Good-Stem cells offer the potential benefit of using undifferentiated cells to repair or replace badly damaged cells and tissues -Bad-ethics of life and death
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each of the four chromosomes from the male parent has a corresponding chromosome from the female parent
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Homologous
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cell with 2 sets of homologous chromosomes
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diploid
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cell w one set of homologous chromosomes
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haploid
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process in which the nu,ber of chromosomes per cell is cut in half through separation of homologous in a diploid cell.
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meiosis
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structure containing 4 chromatids that forms during meiosis
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tetrad
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a process in which the pairs of chromosomes in a tetrad exchange a portion of their genetic material
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crossing-over
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A fertilized egg
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zygote
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How is meiosis different from mitosis?
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In mitosis, when the two sets of genetiv ,aterial seperste, each daughter cell receives one complete set of chromosomes. In meisos, homologous chromosomes line up and then move to separate daughter cells. Mitosis does not normally change the chromosome number of the original cell. This is not the case for meisis, which reduces the chromosome number by half. Mitosis results in two dipliod meisois results in 4 hapliod
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How can two alleles from different genes be inherited together
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Alleles of different genes tend to be inherited together from one generation to the next when those genes are located on the same same chromosome
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The different forms of a gene
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alleles
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