Biology Unit 6: Anatomy & Physiology – Flashcards

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Bilateral symmetry
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body plan in which a single imaginary line can divide the body into left and right sides that are mirror images of each other
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Cephalization
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concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the anterior end of an
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Chordate
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animal that has, for at least one stage of its life,a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, a tail that extends beyond the anus, and pharyngeal pouches
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Deuterostome
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group of animals in which the blastopore becomes an anus, and the mouth is formed from the second opening that develops
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Feedback inhibition
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process in which a stimulus produces a a response that opposes the original stimulus; also called negative feedback
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Invertebrates
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Animals that lack a backbone
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Protostome
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an animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore
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Radial symmetry
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body plan in which any number of imaginary planes drawn through the center of the body could divide it into equal halves
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Canines
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Teeth for grabbing and holding
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Closed circulation
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system: type of circulatory system in which blood circulates entirely within blood vessels that extend throughout the body
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Ectotherms
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animal whose body temperature is determined by the temperature of its environment
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Endocrine gland
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gland that releases its secretions, usually hormones, directly into the blood
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Endotherms
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animal whose body temperature is regulated, at least in part, using heat generated within its body
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Excretion
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process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the
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External fertilization
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Eggs are fertilized outside the body of the egg-producing individual
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Extracellular digestion
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type of digestion in which food is broken down outside the cells in a digestive system and then absorbed
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Incisors
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Teeth for biting and cutting
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Internal fertilization
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Eggs are fertilized inside the body of the egg-producing individual.
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Intracellular digestion
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type of digestion in which food is digested inside specialized cells that pass nutrients to other cells by diffusion
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Molars and Premolars
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Teeth for crushing and grinding
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Molting
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process of shedding an exoskeleton and growing a new one
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Motor Neurons
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type of nerve cell that carries directions from interneurons to either musde cells or glands
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Open circulation
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type of circulatory system in which blood is only partially contained within a system of blood vessels as it travels through the body
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Respiration (gills vs lungs)
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Gas diffusion across a membrane
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Sensory Neurons
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type of nerve cell that receives information from sensory receptors and conveys signals to central nervous system
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Appendicular skeleton
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the bones of the arms and legs along with the bones of the pelvis and shoulder area
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Axial skeleton
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skeleton that supports the central axis of the body; consists of the skull, vertebral column, and the rib cage
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Joint
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place where one bone attaches to another bone
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Ligament
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tough connective tissue that holds bones together in a joint
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Muscle fiber
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long slender skeletal muscle cells
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Sarcomere
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unit of muscle contraction; composed of two z-lines and the filaments between them
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Tendon
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tough connective tissue that connects skeletal muscles to bone
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Autonomic nervous system
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part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates activities that are involuntary, or not under conscious control; made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions
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Axon
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long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron
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Axon terminals
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Location where a signal from a neuron is passed on to another cell
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Brain
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the center of the nervous system. Located in the head and near the primary sense organs (sight, smell, taste, hearing, balance)
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Central nervous system
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includes the brain and spinal cord; processes information and creates a response that it delivers to the body
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Cerebellum
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part of the brain that coordinates movement and controls balance
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Corpus callosum
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connection between the two hemispheres of the brain
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Cranial Nerves
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nerves of the peripheral nervous system that go through openings in the skull and stimulate regions of the head and neck.
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Dentrite
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extension of the cell body of a neuron that carries impulses from the environment or from other neurons toward the cell body
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Fronal Lobe
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"lobe of the brain associated with evaluating consequences, making judgments, and forming plans.
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Myelin sheath
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insulating membrane surrounding the axon in some neurons
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Neuron
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nerve cell; specialized for carrying messages throughout the nervous system
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Occipital lobe
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lobe of the brain associated with vision
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Parietal lobe
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lobe of the brain associated with reading and speech.
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Peripheral nervous system
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network of nerves and supporting cells that carries signals into and out of the central nervous system
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Somatic nervous system
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part of the peripheral nervous system that carries signals to and from skeletal muscles
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Spinal Cord
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Neuron bundle that provides communication between the brain and the rest of the body
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Spinal nerves
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nervs of the peripheral nervous system that leave the spinal cord below the head and neck
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Temporal lobe
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lobe of the brain associated with hearing and smell.
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Alveolus
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one of many tiny air sacs at the end of a bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur
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Artery
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Large blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body
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Atrium
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upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the rest of the body
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Bronchus
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one of two large tubes in the chest cavity that leads from the trachea to the lungs
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Capillary
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smallest blood vessel; brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products
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Lung
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respiratory organ; place where gases are exchanged between the blood and inhaled air
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Pharynx
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tube at the back of the mouth that serves as a passageway for both air and food; also called the throat
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Plasma
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straw-colored liquid portion of the blood
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Platelets
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cell fragment released by bone marrow that helps in blood clotting
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Pulmonary circulation
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path of circulation between the heart and lungs
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Red blood cells
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blood cell containing hemoglobin that carries oxygen
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Systemic circulation
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path of circulation between the heart and the rest of the body, other than the lungs
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Trachea
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tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi; also called the windpipe
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Vein
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blood vessel that carries blood from the body back to the heart
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Ventricle
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lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of heart to the rest of the body
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White blood cells
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type of blood cell that guards against infection, fights parasites, and attacks bacteria
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Appendix
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supplimantary digestive organ located near the junction of the small and large intestine. May help with immunity
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Bolus
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mass of chewed food mixed with saliva
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Chemical digestion
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process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use
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Gall Bladder
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supplimantary digestive organ that produces bile to aid in fat digestion
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Kindey
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an organ of excretion that separates wastes and excess water from the blood
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Large intestine
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organ in the digestive system that removes water from the undigested material that passes through it; also called colon
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Liver
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supplimantary digestive organ responsible for detoxification, protein production, metabolism, ammonia breakdown for excretory system
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Mechanical digestion
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physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces
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Microvilli
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foldings of the cell membranes of the villi in the small intestine
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Pancreas
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supplimantary digestive organ that aids in digestion, also produces hormones (ex. Insulin) for endocrine system
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Peristalsis
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contractions of smooth muscles that provide the force that moves food through the esophagus toward the stomach
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Small Intestine
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digestive organ in which most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place
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Stomach
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large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food
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Ureter
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tube that carries urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder
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Urethra
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tube through which urine leaves the body
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Urinary bladder
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saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted
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Villus
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fingerlike projection in the small intestine that aids in the absorption of nutrient molecules
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Adrenal gland
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endocrine gland on top of the kidneys; releases hormones that help the body prepare for, and deal with, stress
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Cervix
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Entry to the uterus
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Epididymis
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organ in the male reproductive system in which sperm mature and are stored
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Exocrine gland
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gland that releases its secretions, through tubelike structures called ducts, directly into an organ or out of the body
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Fallopian tube
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tube between the overy and uterus, Where egg waits to be fertilized
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Fertilization
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process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive ceus join to form a new cell
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Gonads
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glands in the reproductive system that make gametes
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Homeostasis
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the ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment.
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Hormones
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chemical produced in one part of an organism that affects another part of the same organism
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Ovary
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in plants, the structure that surrounds and protects seeds (650); in animals, the primary female reproductive organ; produces eggs
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Penis
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organ in the male reproductive system in used for copulation and urination
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Pituitary gland
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small gland found near the base of the skull that secretes hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls the actions of several other endocrine glands
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Prostate gland
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organ in the male reproductive system that controls flow of urine and contributes to seminal fluid
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Scrotum
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external sac that houses the testes
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Seminiferous Tubules
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one of hundreds of tubules in each testis in which sperm develop
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Testes
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primary male reproductive organ; produces sperm
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Thyroid gland
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endocrine gland at the base of the throat; Causes cells to become more active, use more energy, and produce more heat. (increases body metabolism)
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Uterus
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organ in the femal reproductive system where immature eggs are stored until ovulation
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Vagina
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in the female reproducive system, the passage between the vulva and the cervix
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Vas Deferens
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tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra
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Vulva
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external female genital organs
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