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Bilateral symmetry

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body plan in which a single imaginary line can divide the body into left and right sides that are mirror images of each other

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Cephalization

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concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the anterior end of an

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Chordate

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animal that has, for at least one stage of its life,a dorsal, hollow nerve cord, a notochord, a tail that extends beyond the anus, and pharyngeal pouches

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Deuterostome

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group of animals in which the blastopore becomes an anus, and the mouth is formed from the second opening that develops

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Feedback inhibition

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process in which a stimulus produces a a response that opposes the original stimulus; also called negative feedback

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Invertebrates

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Animals that lack a backbone

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Protostome

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an animal whose mouth is formed from the blastopore

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Radial symmetry

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body plan in which any number of imaginary planes drawn through the center of the body could divide it into equal halves

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Canines

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Teeth for grabbing and holding

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Closed circulation

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system: type of circulatory system in which blood circulates entirely within blood vessels that extend throughout the body

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Ectotherms

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animal whose body temperature is determined by the temperature of its environment

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Endocrine gland

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gland that releases its secretions, usually hormones, directly into the blood

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Endotherms

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animal whose body temperature is regulated, at least in part, using heat generated within its body

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Excretion

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process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the

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External fertilization

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Eggs are fertilized outside the body of the egg-producing individual

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Extracellular digestion

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type of digestion in which food is broken down outside the cells in a digestive system and then absorbed

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Incisors

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Teeth for biting and cutting

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Internal fertilization

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Eggs are fertilized inside the body of the egg-producing individual.

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Intracellular digestion

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type of digestion in which food is digested inside specialized cells that pass nutrients to other cells by diffusion

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Molars and Premolars

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Teeth for crushing and grinding

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Molting

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process of shedding an exoskeleton and growing a new one

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Motor Neurons

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type of nerve cell that carries directions from interneurons to either musde cells or glands

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Open circulation

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type of circulatory system in which blood is only partially contained within a system of blood vessels as it travels through the body

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Respiration (gills vs lungs)

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Gas diffusion across a membrane

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Sensory Neurons

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type of nerve cell that receives information from sensory receptors and conveys signals to central nervous system

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Appendicular skeleton

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the bones of the arms and legs along with the bones of the pelvis and shoulder area

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Axial skeleton

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skeleton that supports the central axis of the body; consists of the skull, vertebral column, and the rib cage

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Joint

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place where one bone attaches to another bone

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Ligament

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tough connective tissue that holds bones together in a joint

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Muscle fiber

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long slender skeletal muscle cells

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Sarcomere

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unit of muscle contraction; composed of two z-lines and the filaments between them

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Tendon

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tough connective tissue that connects skeletal muscles to bone

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Autonomic nervous system

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part of the peripheral nervous system that regulates activities that are involuntary, or not under conscious control; made up of the sympathetic and parasympathetic subdivisions

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Axon

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long fiber that carries impulses away from the cell body of a neuron

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Axon terminals

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Location where a signal from a neuron is passed on to another cell

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Brain

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the center of the nervous system. Located in the head and near the primary sense organs (sight, smell, taste, hearing, balance)

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Central nervous system

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includes the brain and spinal cord; processes information and creates a response that it delivers to the body

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Cerebellum

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part of the brain that coordinates movement and controls balance

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Corpus callosum

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connection between the two hemispheres of the brain

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Cranial Nerves

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nerves of the peripheral nervous system that go through openings in the skull and stimulate regions of the head and neck.

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Dentrite

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extension of the cell body of a neuron that carries impulses from the environment or from other neurons toward the cell body

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Fronal Lobe

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"lobe of the brain associated with evaluating consequences, making judgments, and forming plans.

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Myelin sheath

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insulating membrane surrounding the axon in some neurons

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Neuron

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nerve cell; specialized for carrying messages throughout the nervous system

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Occipital lobe

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lobe of the brain associated with vision

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Parietal lobe

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lobe of the brain associated with reading and speech.

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Peripheral nervous system

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network of nerves and supporting cells that carries signals into and out of the central nervous system

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Somatic nervous system

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part of the peripheral nervous system that carries signals to and from skeletal muscles

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Spinal Cord

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Neuron bundle that provides communication between the brain and the rest of the body

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Spinal nerves

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nervs of the peripheral nervous system that leave the spinal cord below the head and neck

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Temporal lobe

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lobe of the brain associated with hearing and smell.

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Alveolus

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one of many tiny air sacs at the end of a bronchiole in the lungs that provides surface area for gas exchange to occur

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Artery

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Large blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the tissues of the body

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Atrium

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upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the rest of the body

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Bronchus

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one of two large tubes in the chest cavity that leads from the trachea to the lungs

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Capillary

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smallest blood vessel; brings nutrients and oxygen to the tissues and absorbs carbon dioxide and waste products

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Lung

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respiratory organ; place where gases are exchanged between the blood and inhaled air

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Pharynx

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tube at the back of the mouth that serves as a passageway for both air and food; also called the throat

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Plasma

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straw-colored liquid portion of the blood

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Platelets

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cell fragment released by bone marrow that helps in blood clotting

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Pulmonary circulation

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path of circulation between the heart and lungs

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Red blood cells

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blood cell containing hemoglobin that carries oxygen

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Systemic circulation

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path of circulation between the heart and the rest of the body, other than the lungs

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Trachea

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tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi; also called the windpipe

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Vein

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blood vessel that carries blood from the body back to the heart

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Ventricle

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lower chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of heart to the rest of the body

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White blood cells

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type of blood cell that guards against infection, fights parasites, and attacks bacteria

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Appendix

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supplimantary digestive organ located near the junction of the small and large intestine. May help with immunity

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Bolus

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mass of chewed food mixed with saliva

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Chemical digestion

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process by which enzymes break down food into small molecules that the body can use

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Gall Bladder

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supplimantary digestive organ that produces bile to aid in fat digestion

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Kindey

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an organ of excretion that separates wastes and excess water from the blood

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Large intestine

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organ in the digestive system that removes water from the undigested material that passes through it; also called colon

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Liver

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supplimantary digestive organ responsible for detoxification, protein production, metabolism, ammonia breakdown for excretory system

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Mechanical digestion

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physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces

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Microvilli

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foldings of the cell membranes of the villi in the small intestine

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Pancreas

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supplimantary digestive organ that aids in digestion, also produces hormones (ex. Insulin) for endocrine system

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Peristalsis

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contractions of smooth muscles that provide the force that moves food through the esophagus toward the stomach

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Small Intestine

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digestive organ in which most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place

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Stomach

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large muscular sac that continues the mechanical and chemical digestion of food

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Ureter

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tube that carries urine from a kidney to the urinary bladder

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Urethra

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tube through which urine leaves the body

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Urinary bladder

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saclike organ in which urine is stored before being excreted

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Villus

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fingerlike projection in the small intestine that aids in the absorption of nutrient molecules

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Adrenal gland

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endocrine gland on top of the kidneys; releases hormones that help the body prepare for, and deal with, stress

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Cervix

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Entry to the uterus

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Epididymis

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organ in the male reproductive system in which sperm mature and are stored

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Exocrine gland

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gland that releases its secretions, through tubelike structures called ducts, directly into an organ or out of the body

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Fallopian tube

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tube between the overy and uterus, Where egg waits to be fertilized

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Fertilization

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process in sexual reproduction in which male and female reproductive ceus join to form a new cell

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Gonads

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glands in the reproductive system that make gametes

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Homeostasis

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the ability of the body to maintain a constant internal environment.

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Hormones

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chemical produced in one part of an organism that affects another part of the same organism

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Ovary

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in plants, the structure that surrounds and protects seeds (650); in animals, the primary female reproductive organ; produces eggs

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Penis

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organ in the male reproductive system in used for copulation and urination

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Pituitary gland

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small gland found near the base of the skull that secretes hormones that directly regulate many body functions and controls the actions of several other endocrine glands

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Prostate gland

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organ in the male reproductive system that controls flow of urine and contributes to seminal fluid

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Scrotum

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external sac that houses the testes

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Seminiferous Tubules

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one of hundreds of tubules in each testis in which sperm develop

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Testes

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primary male reproductive organ; produces sperm

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Thyroid gland

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endocrine gland at the base of the throat; Causes cells to become more active, use more energy, and produce more heat. (increases body metabolism)

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Uterus

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organ in the femal reproductive system where immature eggs are stored until ovulation

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Vagina

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in the female reproducive system, the passage between the vulva and the cervix

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Vas Deferens

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tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

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Vulva

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external female genital organs

Biology Unit 6: Anatomy & Physiology – Flashcards

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