Biology Unit 5 Study Guide – Flashcards
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What does DNA stand for?
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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What type of organic molecule is DNA?
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Nucleic acid
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Where do you find DNA in a cell?
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The nucleus, in the space between the membrane and the Nucleolus
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What are the three parts of a nucleotide?
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5-carbon sugar, the phosphate group, and nitrogenous bases
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What are the 4 nitrogen bases
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Adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine
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What is chromatin?
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Long strands of tightly packed DNA
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What are chromosomes and when do you see them in the cell?
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Chromosomes are a structure made of multiple chromatin strands coiled together. You see them in the cell right before it divides
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These two scientists are given credit for discovering the structure of DNA
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James Watson and Francis Crick
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what happens in dna replication and when does it happen in a cell?
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in dna replication, the dna is copied right before the cell divides
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List the 5 steps in DNA replication
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Helicase, primase, dna polymerase, ligase, and gyrase
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how does dna hold the "code" for making proteins?
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the order of its nitrogen bases
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what are the monomers that come together to form a protein?
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amino acids are the monomers that make up a protein
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what is a gene?
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a section of dna that holds the code for making proteins
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what is a codon and which are the "start" and "stop" codons?
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three adjacent nitrogen bases. the start codons are AUG and GUG. the stop codons are UAA, UAG, and UGA
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what is the first step in protein synthesis?
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transcription
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Where is mRNA made and where does it go once it has been made?
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it's made in the nucleus and it then goes to the nucleus to attach to ribosomes
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what is the second step in protein synthesis?
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translation
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where in the cell does protein synthesis occur?
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the ribosomes and the nucleus
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what is a mutation?
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an inherited, environmental, or replication error that causes a change to the order of the nucleotides in DNA
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are all mutations bad, and what are the consequences for genetic mutations?
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no; some mutations result in genetic disorders from the defective proteins produced
