Biology – Unit 2 Test -Study Guide – Flashcards
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Density
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Mass of an object divided by its volume
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Polarity
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Water molecule has a slightly negative charge near its oxygen atom and a slightly positive charge near each hydrogen atom.
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Solvent
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A liquid in which substances are dissolved
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Solute
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Substance that is being dissolved
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Solution
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Solvent and solute mixed together
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Cohesion
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Similar molecules form weak bonds and stick together
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Properties of water
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• Water molecules expand upon freezing • Water displays cohesive behavior • Water is a versatile solvent • Water has the ability to moderate temperature
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Organic
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Carbon-based
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Inorganic
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Not carbon-based
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Hydrocarbons
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Composed of only carbon and hydrogen
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Functional Group
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Interacts in predictable ways with other molecules
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Hydrophilic
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Attracted to water {Ex.
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Hydrophobic
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Repels water {Ex. Fats and Oils}
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Macromolecules
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When smaller compounds are joined together by chemical bonds ; made up of monomers
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Polymers
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Made up of monomers
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Primary energy source of most organisms
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Carbohydrates
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Are carbohydrates hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
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Hydrophilic
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Polysaccharide
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means "sugar"
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Monosaccharide
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Carbohydrate made up of only one simple sugar molecules
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How is a disaccharide formed?
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Two monosaccharide molecules bond together
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What does chains of monosaccharides form?
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Polysaccharides
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Cellulose
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Gives structural support to plant cells
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Foods containing only or mostly carbohydrates provide quick
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"energy"
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The main function of carbohydrates (Fatty Acids)
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Store energy for later use
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Two main functions of Lipids
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~ Used for long-term energy storage ~ Waterproof the organism
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Saturated Fat
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Bad Fat
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Unsaturated Fat
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Good Fat
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Steroid
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Four rings of carbon atoms
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Function of Steriods
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Act as hormones estrogen and testosterone)
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Why are steroids classified as lipids?
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They are hydrophilic
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Best known steriod
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Cholesterol
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How many types of amino acids are there?
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20
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How many types of sugars are there?
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10
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How many types of nucleotides are there?
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5
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How many types of fatty acids are there?
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10
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What's another name for carbohydrates?
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Sugar
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What's another name for proteins?
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Amino Acid
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What's another name for nucleic acids?
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Nucleotide
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What's another name for lipids?
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Fatty Acids
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Functions of a protein
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?Forms hair and fur ? Makes up muscles ? Provides long-term nutrient storage ? Circulates blood ? Defends body from harmful microorganisms
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Enzyme
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Controls the rate of chemical reactions in the body
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Side Group "R-Group"
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Responsible for the certain chemical properties of each amino acid
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Polypeptide
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Cells create proteins by linking amino acids together in a chain
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Denaturation
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Protein losing its shape and function due to a change in temperature or pH
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Amino Acid ? Polypeptide ? Protein
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Amino Acid ? Polypeptide ? Protein
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Genetic Information
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Info passed from one generation of cells to the next
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Nucleotides
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Form nucleic acids
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Two most important nucleic acids
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? DNA ? RNA
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Where is genetic information stored?
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In nucleic acids
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Reactants
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What you start with
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Products
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What you end with
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Photosynthesis
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Plants use carbon dioxide an water to make food (glucose)
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Cellular Respiration
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Breaks down sugar to release energy
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Catalyst
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Speeds the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed
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Most catalyst for biochemical reactions are
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Enzymes
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Activation Energy
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Minimum amount of energy needed for colliding molecules to react
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What does enzymes do?
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Speed up reactions by reducing the amount of energy that is needed
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Two factors that affect enzymes
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? Temperature ? pH
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What makes water molecules polar?
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Slightly negative oxygen end of one molecule attracts the slightly positive hydrogen ends of adjacent water molecules and they attract
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Aqueous Solution
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Water is the solvent
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What makes the plant favorable to live on?
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? Water ; There is an abundance of water ? Location ; Were not too close to the sun yet not too far, were right in the middle
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Is water organic or Inorganic?
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Inorganic !!
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Carbohydrates include :
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? Polysaccharide ? Monosaccharide ? Glycogen
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Hydrophilic dissolves in water
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Hydrophilic dissolves in water
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he 20 amino acids vary only in their
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Side groups
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Enzymes act upon
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Catalyst
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Why would you consume a big bowl of pasta the night before a big race?
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The carbohydrates in the pasta store energy for later
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How are glucose, sucrose, and starch related?
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They are all polysaccharides (sugar)
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Polypeptides make up
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Proteins
