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homeostasis

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is the ability of an organism to maintain a stable internal balanced environment

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failure to maintain homeostasis

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can result in sickness or death

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metabolism

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the sum of all the chemical reactions that occur within the cells of an organism

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organic molecules contain

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skeleton structures of carbon with hydrogen and oxygen

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carbohydrates (starch)

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made up of glucose (simple sugars); found in grains, vegetables, fruit

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proteins

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made up of amino acids (20 kinds); found in meat, egg whites, beans

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lipids

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made up of fatty acid and glycerin; found in animal fats, nuts, oils

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nucleic acid

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made up of nucleotide; found in small amounts in all foods

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order of living things

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cells->tissues->organs->organ systems->organism

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organelles

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are the small parts that make up a cell (each has at least one specific function)

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vacuoles

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store waste and water (large in plant cells, small in animal cells)

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ribosome

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(very small and is often represented by a dot) located on the ER or in cytoplasm; where proteins are made (protein synthesis)

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mitochondria

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(the POWERHOUSE of the cell where energy is made) the site of cellular respiration in both plant and animal cells

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formula for cellular respiration

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glucose+oxygen----enzymes---->carbon dioxide+water+ENERGY (ATP)

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chloroplasts

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only in plant cells, where the process of photosynthesis occurs

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formula for photosynthesis

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sun's energy+carbon dioxide+water------enzymes------->glucose+water+oxygen

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nucleus

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is the control center of the cell and contains DNA (the program or code of life)

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cytoplasm

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is the liquid media that fills the cell

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cell membrane

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separates the contents of the cell from the outside environment; controls the transport of the materials into and out of the cell (selective permeability); cellular communication: recognizes and responds to the chemical signals by using receptor molecules

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passive transport or diffusion

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is the movement of molecules from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (NO ENERGY USED)

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active transport

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is the moving a molecule from LOW concentration to a HIGH concentration (USES ENERGY in the form of ATP)

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digestive system

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breaks down food into nutrients and puts them in the blood stream; parts of the system includes mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum; organelles with the same function are vacuole and lysosome

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circulatory system

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carries gasses and nutrients throughout the body; parts of the system includes heart, arteries, veins, capillaries; organelles with the same function are cytoplasm, ER or golgi

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respiratory system

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exchanges carbon dioxide and oxygen; parts of the system includes lungs, alveoli, diaphragm; organelles with the same function are cell membrane

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excretory system

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removes wastes from the blood and then from the body; parts of the system includes kidneys, bladder, urethra; organelles with the same function are cell membrane or vacuole

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nervous system

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FAST control of the functioning of all body systems; parts of the system includes brain, spinal cord, nerve cells; organelles with the same function are nucleus

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endocrine system

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SLOW control of the functioning of all body systems; parts of the system includes pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, gonads; organelles with the same function are nucleus

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control

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chemicals produced in the endocrine glands (HORMONES) and chemicals produced by nerve cells are primarily responsible for communication between cells

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transport

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involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the movement between parts of a multicellular organism

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photosynthesis

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the process of storing the energy from the sun in the chemical bonds of glucose (sugar); process carried out by chloroplasts

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cellular respiration

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occurs in the mitochondria of ALL ORGANISMS both plants and animals

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enzymes

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special proteins that affect the rate of chemical reactions; enzymes are catalysts used in digestion and synthesis

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enzyme reaction rates are affected by

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shape- "lock and key model" if it is the wrong shape it will not work; temperature- each enzyme works best at a specific temperature; pH- each enzyme works best at a specific pH

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dynamic equilibrium

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is a steady state-balance- : HOMEOSTASIS

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negative feedback

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controls hormone levels to maintain homeostasis

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when glucose (sugar) levels are above normal

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the pancreas secretes INSULIN. insulin lowers the glucose level in blood.

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skin and circulatory system

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are the body's primary defense against disease-causing pathogens; (immunity) via white blood cells

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surface receptor protein

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a molecule found on the cell membrane that the immune system recognizes as either part of the body or an outside invader; antigens are the receptor proteins on the membrane of pathogens (germs)

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antibodies

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are special proteins produced by the white blood cells that can be thought of as your body's army to fight diseases; they have specific shapes that fit over specific antigens; when they fit into the antigen (receptor on the pathogen) it blocks communication preventing the germ from reproducing and making you sick

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immunity

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is our body's ability to fight disease; once you have been exposed to a specific virus white blood cells remember the antigens and produce antibodies that prevent you from getting sick from the same virus for the second time

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vaccination

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is composed of a weakened or dead virus that triggers our white blood cells to produce antibodies to fight a specific pathogen

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diseases

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are caused pathogens (virus, bacterium, and fungus)

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two types of cell division

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mitosis and meiosis

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mitotic division

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asexual reproduction; ONE cell division 1->2; parent cell divides equally to produce 2 identical daughter cells; genetic makeup identical to parent 2n- diploid #; function: to produce identical cells used for growth and repair

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meiotic division

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sexual reproduction; TWO cell divisions 1->4; parent cell divides twice to produce either 4 sperm cells or (female) 3 polar bodies + 1 egg (ovum); genetic makeup 1/2 of the parent cell 1n- haploid #; function: to produce sex cells with 1/2 of the species chromosome number

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mitosis

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is used for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction

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meiosis

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occurs only in the male and female gonads and solely produces gametes

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gonads

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are the sex glands (ovaries and testis)

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gametes

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are sex cells that unite in fertilization to form a ZYGOTE

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zygote

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is a fertilized egg

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fertilization

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is when a male and female gamete unite

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gametes each have 23 chromosomes their zygote has

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46

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differentiation

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is the process that transforms developing cells into specialized cels with different structures and functions; tissues are specialized groups of cells

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human female reproductive system

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vagina, uterus, ovaries, placenta, oviducts/fallopian tubes

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uterus

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is where the baby develops

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ovaries

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are the female gonads that produce the egg and important female hormones

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placenta

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is the organ that is attached to the baby via the umbilical chord and provides nutrients, oxygen to the fetus and removes wastes through the process of diffusion; mother and baby's blood does not mix!

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oviducts/fallopian tubes

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are the place where fertilization occurs

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testis

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is the male gonads that produce sperm and male hormones like testosterone

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artificial insemination

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using sperm from a donor

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amniocentesis

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removing some of the cells from the amniotic fluid which protects the fetus and analyzing their DNA

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karyotype

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is a visual map of chromosomes; can be used to see if the fetus has any chromosomal problems (like Down's syndrome- 3 copies of chromosome #21)

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cancer

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occurs when certain genetic mutations in a cell can result in uncontrolled cell division; cancer can be caused either by heredity or environmental factors like radiation, chemicals, or virus

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heredity

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is the passing of genetic information from one generation to the next through reproduction

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heredity information DNA is organized in the form of

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genes located in the Nucleus of each cell

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asexual reproduction

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identical cells; one parents; little genetic variation; MITOSIS

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sexual reproduction

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not identical cells; 2 parents; much genetic variation; meiosis and fertilization

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clones

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identical genetic copies

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DNA

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is a double stranded helix polymer of nucleotides that contains the genetic code of the individual

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nucleotide

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is the basic unit of DNA which is made of a phosphate, a sugar, and a base

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DNA bases are

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A, T, G, C; A paired with T, G paired with C

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RNA

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is a single stranded polymer that is produced by DNA

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three types of RNA

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messenger RNA, transfer RNA, and ribosomal RNA

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RNA bases are

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A, U, G, C; no T in RNA

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protein synthesis

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DNA is stuck in the nucleus, so it sends a messenger single-stranded mRNA to the ribosome where the ribosome reads the message and directs the tRNA to bring it amino acids, the ribosome then assembles the amino acids together in the correct order TO MAKE A PROTEIN

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mutation

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is any alteration of the DNA sequence which changes the normal message carried by the gene

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substitution

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one base is put in the place of another

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deletion

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a base is left out

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addition

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a base is added

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inversion

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bases are switched

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gene expression

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an organism's environment can affect the way that some genes are expressed

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genetic engineering

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is a technology that humans use to alter the genetic instructions in organisms

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gene splicing

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is cutting DNA and placing it into another organism

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restriction enzyme

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is an enzyme that cuts DNA in specific places and is an essential tool in gene splicing as well as in Gel-electrophoresis

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DNA fingerprint from gel electrophoresis

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just like a bar code the more common the bars, the more common heritage or ancestry

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selective breeding

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is a process of picking parents with favorable traits to produce those traits in the offspring

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species

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is a group of closely related organisms that share certain characteristics and can produce offspring capable of reproduction

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evolution

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is the process by which organisms have changed over time from simple, single-celled: complex-single-celled: complex, multicellular to complex organisms

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natural selection

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nature selects those individuals who are best fit for the environment

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overproduction

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more offspring are produced than can survive

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competition

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the fight for limited resources

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variation

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differences among organisms in a species (sexually reproducing organisms have more variation than asexually reproducing organisms)

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adaptive value

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any trait that helps an organism survive and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions

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extinction

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is the disappearance of an entire species caused by a failure to adapt to a changing environment; occurs when the environment changes and the species cannot adapt

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ancestry

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cladograms or family tree

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ecology

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is the study of how organisms interact with the living and nonliving things

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biotic factors

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are living parts of an ecosystem (ex: plants, animals)

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abiotic factors

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non-living parts of the environment (ex: rocks, air, pH, sunlight)

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niche

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is a species' role in it's environment (it's JOB and what it EATS)

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population

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all the organisms of a species that live in the same area

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biosphere

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all of earth's ecosystems

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competition

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is the struggle for resources among organisms

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limiting factors

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are the living and non living things in the environment that limit the size of populations (ex: food, shelter, sun, space, oxygen, etc.)

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carrying capacity

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is the maximum population (number of organisms of any species) that an ecosystem can support

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predators

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kill and eat other organisms called prey

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autotrophs

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(producers) make their own food by photosynthesis

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heterotrophs

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(consumers) must eat something for food

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herbivores

answer

can only eat plants

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carnivores

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can only eat animals

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omnivores

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can eat plants and animals (all humans!)

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consumers

answer

same as heterotrophs

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decomposers

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break organisms down and return nutrients to the soil; they are recyclers in the ecosystem

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scavengers

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eat dead organisms that they did NOT kill themselves

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parasites

answer

live off of another organism (host) and do not kill them usually

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ecological succession becoming a forest

answer

rock->liches/moss->grasses->shrubs->small trees->hardwood trees

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ecological succession in a pond

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pond (plants and organisms die over time)->sediment builds->pond gets shallow->swamp develops->grassy field->forest

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material cycles

answer

carbon/oxygen cycle, water cycle, nitrogen cycle

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carbon/oxygen cycle

answer

photosynthesis/respiration

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water cycle

answer

evaporation, condensation, precipitation

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nitrogen cycle

answer

N2, nitrogen fixing bacteria, plants, animals, waste

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biodiversity

answer

is a measurement of the degree to which species vary within an ecosystem; the more species present in an ecosystem the higher the biodiversity

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as biodiversity increases

answer

the stability of an ecosystem increases

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ways that man has affected biodiversity

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cutting down trees (for wood); planting all of the same crop in an area (loss of biodiversity); removed vegetation for houses, parking lots, roads, etc.; killed organisms and destroyed the food web (because all organisms are linked to one another in one way or another)

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renewable resources

answer

resources that can replenish themselves if not abused (planting of trees)

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nonrenewable resources

answer

resources that take a long time to replace or form (like coal or oil)

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reduce

answer

cut down on the amount used (smaller packaging)

question

reuse

answer

use it for another application (old tires as flower planters)

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recycle

answer

can be used to make the product again (like pop bottles)

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pollution

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is a harmful change in the chemical makeup of the air, water, or soil

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direct harvesting

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the destruction or loss of a species by over hunting

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land use

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finding the best way to live in the environment- building around trees instead of cutting them down and planting new ones

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habitat destruction

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destroying a part of the natural environment

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deforestation

answer

removing forests for wood or clearing trees for farms

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imported species

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invasive species or exotic species

question

industrialization

answer

increases pollution of air and water- uses more energy, water, fossil, and nuclear fuels

question

water pollution

answer

from sewage, wastes from homes and factories and animal wastes

question

toxic wastes

answer

DDT

question

thermal pollution

answer

heat pollution

question

air pollution

answer

burning fossil fuels

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human activities that lead to the loss of diversity

answer

direct harvesting, land use, habitat destruction, deforestation, imported species

question

impact of technology and industrialization

answer

industrialization, water pollution, toxic wastes, thermal pollution, human overpopulation, air pollution

question

acid rain

answer

sulfur and nitrogen compounds in air pollution dissolve in the moisture of the atmosphere to form acids, causing rain to have a LOW pH (acidic); acid rain kills trees and destroys historical artifacts

question

global warming

answer

an increase in the earth's temperature caused by an increase in greenhouse gases

question

greenhouse effect

answer

is caused by increasing amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere caused by the increasing use of fossil fuels for energy

question

ozone depletion

answer

hole in ozone layer caused by use of fluorocarbons; **ozone acts as a sun block for all organisms on the earth!; UV causes skin cancer

question

independent variable

answer

is one thing that "I change" to test my hypothesis

question

dependent variable

answer

is the thing that changes because of the independent variable (DATA collected)

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control group

answer

is the group that is studied under the NORMAL conditions

question

experimental group

answer

is the group that is identical to the control group with the ONE CHANGE or difference (the independent variable)

question

on x-axis of graph

answer

independent variable

question

on y-axis of graph

answer

dependent variable

question

labeling graph

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title the graph (the affect of _____ on _____); label the x and y axis; determine proper scale for x and y axis; set up a key or legend if necessary

question

how to make an experiment more valid

answer

repeat experiment; increase number of specimens or trials; peer review

question

parts of the microscope

answer

eyepiece, objective lens, fine adjustment know, course adjustment knob, stage, stage clips, diaphragm

question

eyepiece

answer

the part that you look through (closest to the eye) usually 10x

question

objective lens

answer

the magnifying part closest to the slide (high power=usually 40x, low power=usually 10x)

question

fine adjustment knob

answer

used to focus on low and high power

question

course adjustment knob

answer

used to focus on only low power

question

stage

answer

where the slide is placed

question

stage clips

answer

hold the slide in place

question

diaphragm

answer

controls the amount of light used

question

how to calculate total magnification

answer

if a microscope has 10x eyepiece, and 10x and 40x objectives; total magnification on low power: 10 x 10 = 100x (it looks 100 times bigger than real life); total magnification on high power: 10 x 40 = 400x (it looks 400 times bigger than real life)

question

how to make a wet mount slide

answer

put cells on the center of a slide, put drop of water with dropper onto the cells (do not touch the cells); lower a cover slip slowly at an angle (to reduce the number of air bubbles)

question

how to stain on a slide without lifting the cover slip

answer

put a drop of the stain onto the edge of the cover slip; place a paper towel on the edge of the other slide of the cover slip, the paper towel will pull the water from under the cover slip. and in turn pull the stain onto the cells

question

paper chromatography

answer

is a laboratory technique that is used to separate different molecules from one another (separation of compounds in a solution by size and color)

question

gel electrophoresis

answer

separation of DNA using electrical current by size

question

indicators for pH, glucose, starch

answer

color or state change indicating the presence of a particular substance

question

dichotomous keys

answer

are tools to help in the classification of organisms

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